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PICTURESQUE 
CHINA 


ARCHITECTURE AND LANDSCAPE 


A JOURNEY THROUGH TWELVE PROVINCES . 


BY 


ERNST BOERSCHMANN 


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(TRANSLATION BY LOUIS HAMIL 





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The present is flux, the future veiled, but the past is immutable and clear. It is only 
from the past that we learn to comprehend our own checkered lives. We can hardly 
interpret them without its aid. Man has incorporated into his art the immortal ideals 
of his spirit and his people. And especially in architecture do we find that the external 
forms and needs of our daily life are also reflected. But at the same time it also em- 
bodies the true essence of our life. The spirit of the past exists in the works of archi- 
tecture, and is visible everywhere in the present. It helps to determine our character, and : 
with it also our actions. 

Apparently the character of a people changes in the course of the centuries. The 
aspect of the times changes. Ancient monuments and forms disappear. The monotony 
of our workaday lives, and the tempestuous present sometime hold us with terrible force. 
We are rendered breathless, and then we almost despair of humanity. China too is now 
in a state of nearly complete confusion. That which exists passes, and immense works 
of culture perish. At the same time new ones are being created everywhere. The real 
spirit of the people is imperishable even in a new epoch. We help to disclose this nu- 
cleus if we hark back to the ultimate meaning of architectural monuments. Only such 
lasting conceptions drawn from China's living sources are explained and depicted in 
this book. 

The characteristic spirit of Chinese architecture is a religious conception. Once 
we recognize this we are also able to understand the buildings themselves. And the 
finest convictions of the Chinese were expressed in the religious spirit.. Here is the root 
of all activity. The resultant inner forces should move us when looking at the external 
picture of the Chinese landscape, at that nature that made this people what it is, and at 
the works of architecture by means of which the Chinese breathed life into their country. 

All Chinese architectural monuments express a profound religious feeling. We feel 
the unity of man with nature; his dependence on her. The Chinese found the visible 
expression of this in a world of gods which they created for themselves. The thought 
of such a natural religion appears at its purest in the state religion, in the veneration of 
the sun, the moon, and the stars, of earth and agriculture. These state temples, as also 
nearly all the temples and sanctuaries, are still mostly ensconced in sacred groves where 
religious life is far removed from the din of the busy world. The world which vested 
nature with divine life, and which is known to us from the sacred groves of the Greeks 
and Romans, and our own ancestors, is alive in China to-day. Everything is perpetually 
glorified by the gentle light of love of nature to whom one is so devotedly thankful. 

€ 

A metaphysical trinity of forces is the starting point for both the ancient Chinese 
as well as the modern Buddhist realm of thought. Two dragons playing with the pearl 
of perfection are the most beautiful symbol for this. They are the two forces which 
appear at once in each phenomenon, in the spiritual as well as in the physical, and which 
work at the new form till it has attained its perfection, and till at last it disappears again. 
Of equal size, and equally opposite, half in play, and half in strife, always alive in their 
movements, incorporating the principles of male and female, the two dragons from the 
east and west struggle for the pearl, poised, shining, blazing, and revolving between 
them: a counterpart of the sun, a symbol of unity and perfection. Vet the dragons strive 
towards the unattainable, a phantom, the unity of being. This disappeared with the 
phenomen itself. And the forces only join again with that unity when they themselves 
cease to exist in death and nothingness. But till then they remain in an extreme state of 
tension and activity, and fulfil their destiny to help build up the visible world and the 
countless single phenomena. 


The symbol of this duality of dragon, which, together with the central A con- — 
stitute a trinity, dates back to the most ancient times of man and is already met with in 
its beginnings in very early works of art in Asia. In these, it is true, it is only possible 
to imagine their original meaning. But the Chinese have clearly developed their own 
symbol and consciously interpreted it as the true conception of life. The Chinese character 
always appears double, as a duality. Large-minded, and at the same time considering — 
the slightest details, idealistic and materialistic, indifferent and persevering, feigning 
carelessness and extremely careful, strange to the world and of supreme energy, cold- 
blooded and hot-tempered, tenacious of traditions and eager for novelties, even for 
revolution, two contrasting qualities are always revealed. And in the wide arena of 
spiritual life there are always two hostile movements contending with each other. But. 
at the same time the Chinese as a nation, as well as individuals, are true patterns of a 
complete and uniform culture. The ultimate truth in China is always based on the pure 
foundation of the absolute true. It is nothing more than that which is represented by 
the symbol of the two dragons with the pearl: the conviction that there is a real world 
of ideals whose finest forces are effective in us, but not comprehensible, and another 
unreal and false world: our life, bright but tempestuous in its struggle of peaceful forces 


which we must also shape harmoniously, if possible as a replica of the spiritual or real — À 


world. The desire to flee the world, and the need of untiring activity in practical life 
arose simultaneously out of this thought, as well as the desire for greatness in art and 
for development of the smallest details. And both parts, the spiritual and the physical, 
were also joined and sublimated in the works of architecture which should be the sym- 
bols of divine influence, witnesses of our relationship with nature, expressions of our 
unity with the supreme God, whether we call him Tao, Confucius or Buddha. 


O 


The main thought that runs through the intellectual culture of China like a thread 
. Is the close connection of man with the earth. This is the mother from which he springs, 
feeds him as long as he lives, and is his refuge after death. Hence the attachment of 
the Chinese to their native soil. This causes them to desire to be buried in it if possible. 
The love of their own home district is more developed than in any other nation. People 
from the same province, and still more from the same district, become closely attached © 
to one another when abroad, and are touchingly happy on meeting. 

And if the Chinese, familiar as they are with their native earth, regard there 
as part of it, look upon it as the source of their power and soul, they also lift their eyes 
up to the mountains the source of the soil. In them they see the origin of their own being 
and of holiness, the seat of the Deity. The mountains connect earth with heaven. The 
_ higher they are, and the more conspicuous by some peculiar features, the more sacred 
they are. The caves and crevices in them are inhabited by spirits. Temples are built on 
them. Celebrated statesmen, students, poets and saints come from them, and return 
there again after their life’s work is accomplished to be one again with nature. Buddhism 
carved thousands of Buddhas in the rocks as symbols of divine power, and Chinese 
antiquity already seems to have known the sleeping figures of gods in the caves: symbols 
of the latent power in nature which only need awakening. The best curative herbs come 
from the mountains. Their slopes are the favourite spots where the dead are buried, 
and the dwelling-places of the living. Thus the towns are located where they are protected 
by mountains. 

The power of the sun carried the soil from the mountains down to the plains, and 
there it created the fertile fields. It needed water for this purpose. This rises by evaporation, 


VI 


crowns the mountains with clouds, does its work as falling rain, and disappears completely 
in the ocean. Water in China has been vested since the earliest timeswith a high degree 
of sanctity, and it is praised as the pattern and symbol of human activity. lts continual 
effects, incessant, and often unperceivable, accord with the Chinese conviction of the 
slow development of all things in the life of the individual as of the state. And recognizing 
this, Laotze coined his celebrated word Wei wu wei: “work and yet not act”. He pointed 
out that humility, which is the trait of a really great man, like water always seeks the 
lowest place: “To dwell in places shunned by all men brings us near to Tao” Confucius 
compares Laotze to a dragon. He knows how to live hidden in the darkness of the water, 
but also to rise to the surface, to leap into the air as the symbol of the glory of a great 
deed that can be perceived from afar. 

Heaven is the male principle, and earth the female. Together they form the Chinese 
‘universe. The sun is regarded as the embodiment of heaven, and as the chief planet which 
quickens life in the womb of mother earth with its heat. For this reason the sun is con- 
sidered to be the progenitor of life. This is expressed in the position of all buildings, 
houses, palaces, and towns whose main axes are all directed south, to the noonday sun. 
And even where mountains, rivers, or roads make another position necessary, the southern 
axis obtains in the government buildings, towns, altars, and dwelling houses. Nothing 
is more characteristic of this desire for rhythm, and the force which uniformly great 
thoughts have in China, than this fact of the common direction of the axes of buildings. 

This idea of construction has exercised a determinative influence on the outward 
forms of life. Even in the smallest home the master of the house receives his guest at 
the door and accompanies him along the line of the axis of the building to the place of 
honour at the end of the room, sits next to him, and both look towards the south while. 
conversing. Receptions of the higher officials are more ceremonious in the government 
buildings. In them the guest walks along the long flight of courtyards through the wide- 
open doors of three, four, and even five gateways to the reception-hall at the end of 
the axis where the prescribed order of sitting is religiously adhered to. The length of the 
axis is often enormous in the palaces and temples, in the main-buildings of which the 
statues of gods or, as in the case of the temples of Confucius, the name-tablets look 
to the south, and where the crowd of priests, officials, and laity when praying, sacrific- 
ing, and doing homage must turn to the north. Owing to the symetrical position of 
the gateways and streets within the rectangle ot the town-walls such long axes are self- 
evident. The most impressive arrangement is in Peking. The whole of the dual city is 
divided by a huge axis turned to the south along which the Imperial Town also lies at 
the feet of the Coal Hill with its five peaks. From here, from the imperial throne, the 
emperor looks to the south over his wide empire, when, on his birthday, or New Year's 
Day, the officials and the multitudinous crowd of his subjects in the temples of each city 
and village did homage to him, and doing so looked northwards to him as the represen- 
tative of heaven on earth, the mirror of the sun. 

The trinity of heaven, earth, and water are continually depicted in ip Fe nekthe 
picture of the sun that stands for heaven, but that of ether; the air seen as sun-created 
clouds. Rocks project out of the water, and the clouds pass over them, a symbol of the 
fluxing present, the fixed past, and the veiled future. The outer aspect and the inner 
character of nature, and with them her beauty itself stand revealed harmoniously to us 
in this trinity. Herewith the conception of beauty seems to be arbitrarily reduced to 
its elements. But this reduction originated from a profound love of nature. It is closely 
connected with metaphysical ideas and ethical truths, and thus became the source of 
the astonishing beauty of Chinese art. The impression we have of a beautiful landscape 
is dissected. The single points are dealt with separately, and the component parts of 


VII 


the surroundings, the mountains, plateaus, plains, streams, cardinal points, and the 
direction of the wind are utilized from the point of view of their internal values in 
planning a building. 
This attempt has been reduced to a fixed formula under the name of Fengshui. This 
well-known word signifies wind-water, but in its wider sense stands for the relations to 
the surrounding nature, the influence of the landscape on the beauty of the buildings 
and on the happiness of the inhabitants. The pre-conditions of a perfect site are often 
present. The building, perhaps a roomy temple, is situated on the side of a mountain, 
and rises in terraces, without however attaining to the height of the summit itself, for 
the temple must be protected and shaded by it. On the fourth side, if possible facing 
south, there is a distant view, the prospect of a great valley closed in on the other side 
by a range of hills, or the view extends over the endless plains. Certain summits of the 
neighbouring mountains, often the main summit, are crowned with pagodas, small temples, 
or pavilions to harmonize the magic forces of heaven and earth. This thought is akin, 
for instance, to our conception of the outflow of magnetic force from a pointed conductor. 
And the Chinese geomancer also regards the forms of nature as a magnetic field. For 
the situation of mountain peaks, rivers, valleys, or buildings may also lead to the diver- 
gence from the south-north direction; generally the ideal one for the line of the axis. 


The situation of Peking ist not only extremely beautiful and favourable according 
to Chinese rules, but also according to our own ideas. The valleys of the surrounding 
mountains, especially the celebrated Western Hills, are filled with magnificent temples. 
Pi yün sze, the Temple of the Bluish- Green Clouds, rises above the others as the most 
beautiful. Gate after gate stands along the main axis, and court-yard after court-yard, 
with a great number of edifices, all symetrically placed. In this case the axis does not 
lie due south, but conform with the ridge of the hill upon which the monastery stands 
south-east pointing straight towards Peking itself, the heart of which is about twelve 
miles away. Here it is just this divergence that is magnificent in its effect. Standing on 
the terrace of a richly sculptured marble pagoda with five towers, the highest point at 
the end of the monastery embedded in its thick fir and cypress groves, we look over the 
balustrade and see the mighty town with its high towers and palaces situated in the far 
distance like a faint picture. The first rays of the morning sun reflect the sparkling and 
glittering light of Peking's green, yellow, and blue glazed roofs back to this monastery, 
and the Buddhist pagoda sheds its sacred spirit on the town. Up here are hundreds of 
Buddhas carved in the marble surfaces, and the terrace of the pagoda is a throne for 
the gods from whence one can enjoy the beauty of the world as from the Western 
Paradise of the Buddhists, Round about the Western Hills, and on the plain, numerous 
other temples maintain the conception of holiness. They form a wreath of sacred buil- 
dings around Peking and seem to promise happiness to the inhabitants. 

Three groups of imperial graves are situated in a wide semicircle round the capital. 
They were erected at the foot of the hills by the Ming and Manchu dynasties. They are 
a days journey from Peking and from one another. And yet they form, together with 
the capital, a landscape unit. Each of the groups is planted in a wide mountain bay 
immediately below the Great Wall which climbs over the hills behind, and itself consists 
of numerous single tomb temples. Again, each of these temples is situated between and 
in front of the bare hills in a rising valley, and hidden in a thick grove. Each contains 
numerous courts and buildings with the tumulus and tower as finial. The great tomb 
district is one enormous grove enclosed by a wall. The main axis was separated into 


VII 


divisions by marble gates, bridges, columns, and gigantic figures of marble animals. 
The last resting-place of the emperors was guarded by the Great Wall which, at the 
same time, protects the whole empire to the north. And from here, above Peking the 
capital, on the outmost edge of the Yellow Plain, with their faces turned to the south, 
they still survey in death their vast empire. The culture of all epochs and peoples has 
not produced an idea of planning buildings of such sublimity. 

It was certainly in the northern part of China where the roomy ground-plans of Chinese 
buildings were first developed. A far-sighted policy, which extended to Western Asia 
already centuries before Christ, and great colonial possessions continually directed atten- 
tion to distant parts, and imbued the Chinese mind with a wide conception and treatment 
of things. Thus, just in the north, and particulary under the supervision of the last reigning 
dynasties were developed those great architectural ideas that could only be realized by 
utilizing the natural contours of the ground to the very greatest extent. 

In Jehol the emperor Kang Hi had already laid out a large park as his summer 
residence, as well as some Lamaist monasteries as witnesses of his victorious expeditions 
against the Mongolians and Tibetans. His great-grandson Kfen Lung continued the work 
of subjugating these peoples, settled a number of them in Jehol, and founded other Lama 
monasteries there. These were built according to Tibetan patterns, and some of them: 
even bear the names of the originals : Pótála and Tashilumbo. The twelve Jehol monaste- 
ries are situated on the slopes of the mountains on the other side of a broad valley and 
their axes are directed towards the imperial park, the residence situated in the middle, 
and accentuated by a slender pagoda. In the midst of a sublimely beautiful landscape 
the buildings are placed in such a manner as to be perfectly harmonious in their grouping. 
The construction of the details of the single monasteries clearly show the symbolical 
trait of Chinese religious architecture, and at the same time the connection between the 
religious ideals of Central Asia and China. 

The main part of the most important Jehol monasteries is a central building in 
the middle of a square with arcades. Has a door in the middle of each side. This is a 
representation of Buddha’s spiritual world conceived as a sacred castle with four gates, 
four corner towers, and standing like a town with a sanctuary in the middle, and uniform 
with the division of the visible world according to the cardinal points. Sometimes the . 
four gateways have four towers built above them, resulting in the symbolical number 
eight. In this Buddhism and ancient Chinese conceptions meet. The Chinese always count 
the middle, and thus obtain five cardinal points, but also the important number nine. In 
Pi lo sze, the Monastery of Universal Happiness, a circular building rises over two square 
terraces. lt is similar to the Temple of Heaven in Peking, and like it, is also covered 
with blue glazed tiles. The circle, as symbol of the male heaven, over the square, as the © 
symbol of the female earth, points to the dualism of the moving forces that are yet joined 
in unity. On the lower terrace there are eight bottle-shaped pagodas made of varicoloured 
terra-cotta: one at each corner and in the middle of the sides. The surrounding arcade. 
with the four doors stands for the castle in which we must conceive this system of the 
universe to be placed. The Lamism of Tibet consequently represented this castle as a 
mighty building with formidable walls which could not be scaled by the devil. The 
Pótála Monastery in Jehol is one of these strongholds. 

Beyond the political considerations of the emperor, there were also certain inner 
religious motives that Lamism — the most bizarre form of Buddhism — has enjoyed a 
sort of privileged position in China till to day; at least in the north, though it was foreign 
to the masses, and most decidedly distasteful to the literati. Tibet, as the highest inhabited 
country of Central Asia, attracted the attention of the Chinese to the loftiest mountains, 
the Himalaya and the Kuenlun Mountains, which latter they regarded as the fathers of all 


IX 


mountains in China. There all the great streams have their sources, and from thence they 
carry the soil down. It is in these mountains, connected with numerous mythological 
conceptions and legends, that one is nearest to heaven. When yearning for the highest 
things in this world the Chinese think of these mountains in the heart of Asia. Tibet, the 
highest country, the seat of the Yellow Doctrine, is for them to a certain extent the 
embodiment of a supreme wisdom. 

LI 

The connection between religion and the surface of the ground originates in the 
conception of Chinese sacred mountains. The whole country is divided according to 
religious maxims, and according to the points of the compass by the five Sacred Moun- 
tains, one in the north, south, east, west, and centre. They are always the highest in 
their district, conspicuous by their shape, and sacred since the most ancient times. The 
conception of these mountains characterizes to a high degree the need of the Chinese 
to find a perfect equality between their innermost convictions and nature herself. Now 
the five mountains, are for instance, the same as a temple in Jehol with its central structure 
and four corner-towers. The whole country should be regarded as a single temple. We 
may speak of an architecture of the empire. This line of thought was followed up. And 
each of these mountains stands for a symbol of the universe. Each could be reached 
by four gates conforming with the cardinal points. This was found confirmed by heaven 
itself, for the western mountain Hua shan in the Province of Shensi is, thanks to nature, 
a system of five summits arranged according to the cardinal points. 

These Sacred Mountains harmonize the influences of heaven and earth. They are 
covered with numerous temples, and are the annual goal of vast crowds of pilgrims. Each 
.ofthe mountains rises majestically and abruptly from the plain as undisputed culminating 
point in the landscape. At their foot stands a large temple with its axis directed towards 
the summit. This temple is built like a strong castle: a large square with walls, battle- 
ments, four gates, and eight towers surrounded with arcades, and in its midst the main 
sanctuary, the great hall. The temple itself is the picture of the whole system; the mirror 
of the spiritual world. The Eastern Mountain, Tdi shan, is reached by a steep stairway, 
. the Celestial Ladder, to the southern Gate of Heaven. The mountain has four such ap- 
proaches at the four cardinal points, and is thus the mirror of the cosmological system. 
The temple of Vii Huang, the Jewel Emperor, crowns the summit. He, a personification 
of the supreme god, is by preference regarded as dwelling on the highest summits of 
the mountains where heaven and earth meet. There the white clouds sail by, pictures 
of human souls, and intercede between earth and heaven. When | stood on the summit 
of the Hua shan surrounded by a living world of gods, and looked through those white 
clouds down on the plain and the distant glittering bend of the Yellow River, | imagined 
| was removed from earth, freed from earthly ties, and at home with the spirits of Tao 
in their airy realm of enchantment. 

Buddhism adopted the idea ef the ri of the mountains, and created its 
own four Buddhist sacred mountains: also called the Four Great Celebrities. Seats of 
the four great Bodhisattvas, they too were placed in distant parts of the country as 
symbols of Buddha’s doctrine, as religious lighthouses erected by nature, and presented 
by her to the people. The middle, the personal Buddha, is not embodied. His spirit fills 
invisibly earth and humanity, and just for this reason influences each individual human 
being personally. He is only recognizable in his four great apparitions. The number four 
of the Buddhist, and the number five of the ancient Chinese Sacred Mountains, both 
taken from the external picture of nature, yet imbued with an inner sense, conjoin to 
the number nine, the symbol of profound wisdom. 


X 


The sacred Wu tai shan, the sanctuary of the Yellow Doctrine of Lamaism, is the 
mountain with the five peaks. Between these peaks lies the broad plateau with its mo- 
nasteries grouped around a great white pagoda The relation of nature itself to the sacred 
number five is continually repeated in the sanctuaries, reliefs and ornaments of this 
consecrated spot. On the most elevated point were five gilt bronze pagodas as represen- 
tations of the five peaks. The overflowing of the spiritual and religious world was in- 
corporated on them in the shape of numerous relief-figures of small Buddhas which 
completely cover the surfaces. And on one of the bellied bronze bodies appear as an 
embodiment of the motive forces of the air the two dragons snapping at the jewel of 
perfection, but prevented by the Garuda, the guardian of the treasure, from attaining 
their end. A bronze roof in Jehol shows the same picture of extreme vital energy. There 
the dragons come flying or springing through the air in eightfold form as a kind of 

‘materialization from the ether and strive in vain for the jewel that crowns the pinnacle 
of the sanctuary. 

It is on the summit of the Omi shan, the highest Buddhist mountain, rising in the 

extreme west of China where it greets Tibet and India, that one feels nearest to the 
Godhead, The summit, with its steep ascent of enormous altitude, is nearly always swept 
by a sea of clouds. Sometimes the sun, the moon, or the stars shine on the billowing 
clouds, again in them are reflected the revered glory of Buddha in myriads of lights as 
the firmest and highest points of salvation and promise on the unreality of the mist which 
fades and vanishes. “Here it is but a step to Heaven”. Perhaps it was that abbot whose 
lifelike statue sits in a hall on the summit who once said “Glory lies on the summit of 
Omi Shan. Now the bright autumnal moon may shine, and | shall invite the holy spirits 
to drink and versify in her light. | do not wish to hear anything of the world’s noisy din. 
l am the abbot and hold my staff of zink. | meditate on the sacred doctrine, and rise 
through the air to heaven.” | spent a whole week up there with the monks in complete 
retirement, and came to the dicided conclusion how much they felt they were the dele- 
gates of the people on the plains in their connection with the gods to whom they offer 
up prayers and incence, and knew themselves to be near. | had the same impression 
during a former prolonged visit to the Buddhist sacred island of Püté in the Eastern 
Sea, where the priests are, it is true, far removed in their seclusion from the people and 
their life, but for this very reason seem to be the fittest mediators between them and 
the gods. Then both these impressions fused in a conception which traversed China like 
a spiritual axis. And this conception received a peculiar charm in so far as the Yangtze 

itself also provides a natural connecting link, for it flows past near the Omi; and Pútó 
is not far from its mouth. | 


Mountain monasteries, cave-temples, and rock sculptures are found all over China 
on prominent and suitable points. The religious significance of the landscape accords 
with its beauty and with the use nature brings to man. Natural rock-caves are used by 
preference for the site of such temples, for in them the deity proclaims itself without 
intermediary intervention. There is such a giant cave opening out at the beginning of 
a strangely solemn valley with room for more than thirty temples all sheltered by the 
overhanging rock ledge in the cretaceous formation of the Mien shan projecting out of 
the broad northern Loess district of the Shansi province. This is the greatest mountain 
sanctuary and the place of pilgrimage where the faithful know themselves to be near 
the gods and their hidden dwellings when standing confronted by the remarkable beauty 
of sublime nature. “The mighty rocks were Heaven-born, and in them hides old Buddha. 
The earth split into a sacred cave, and the pilgrims come here from afar.” Buddhism 


XI 


extracts the secret forces from the mountains, makes them distinct as carved figures of 
gods, and it also created the Rocks of the Thousand Buddhas. These rock-Buddhas are 
often placed in great numbers and size in places where a river or a road gives the 
landscape a characteristic appearance. The great Buddha with his companions are cut 
‘in a rock on the other side of the river bank opposite the town of Kuangyüan. Now 
this symbol of eternity gazes towards the town which is under its spell. It is reflected 
in it, and receives from it the spirit of the mountain, the sacred force. This is the meaning. 
of such rock pictures: to make visible divine power, to consecrate the surroundings, and 
to radiate praise of the Godhead from the hearts of men and from the work of their hands. 

The caves are peopled with spirits and saints. The written character for spirit is 
composed of the character for mountain and man. And it is a very old and oft repeated 
saying with regard to many a famous man: “In the evening of his life, his duty done, he . 
retired to the mountains and there became a spirit.” The priests who look so deeply into” 
the soul of nature chose the most beautiful sites for their monasteries. They also devoted 
profound love to their decoration. There one spends sacred hours far from the troubled 
world, and where it is written: “The waters swirl around. The mountains form a wreath. — 
The saints desire to dwell here. The moon is shining brightly. The wind wafts purely. 
The wise men are sunk in deep meditation.” 

The genius of famous and meritorious men is an immediate exhalation of the spirit 
of nature. lt-originates more particularly from the place where they were born. The 

. activity of these men is wedded to the scenes of their labours. If they benefitted the rest 
of the country, as in the case of statesmen, generals, and poets, the whole nation remem- 
bered the beneficial and lasting influence of these heroes. They became demigods. 
Monuments were dedicated to them, and thus outwardly their memory was honoured. 
At the same time the idea prevailed that their spirit was perpetually connected with the 
district. Such buildings have always been erected in the right place as the outcome of 
a true feeling, and they are a part of the soil itself. Inscribed stone tablets and memorial 
gates are placed along the paths and roads. The town-walls and elevated spots are 
emphasized by towers raised in honour of the dead. Memorial and family temples lie 
hidden among the houses of the towns. They are more conspicuous in small places, in” 
the country, and often dominate the landscape on hills and river banks, orthey are hidden 
in the mountains and groves where they are ‚completely one with nature. 

A celebrated memorial temple stands in the middle of the old military road that 
leads over the Tsin ling Mountains through the Province of Shensi. Miao tai tze is the 
memorial temple for the chancellor Chang Liang. His memory has remained green, and 
he is still venerated there as the tutelary spirit of the district where he was born and to — 
which he returned in old age. In that mountain valley, embedded in groves of bamboo, 
cypresses, and pines, one feels the whole ecstasy of solitude: “Here no harsh note is heard. 
Dwell here a few days and the spot will become like unto a sacred home.” Carefully 
laid-out grounds and delightfully perfectioned details are happily blended. Pavilions 
with curved roofs crown the hills. And | was seldom more strongly impressed with the 
fact than here that a temple could rise naturally in the surroundings and be so much of 
a piece with them in its conception of external form. 

In central China already architectural forms are fairer. And the ground-plan of 
the temples and palaces there is no more so magnificent as on the northern plains. The 
buildings harmonize still more with the natural surroundings. The greatest perfection 
herein is in Szechuan, the most beautiful and the richest Chinese province. There nature 
and the diligence of man has created scenery and works of art which can hardly be 
surpassed in their harmony. The varying height of the mountains, the change from hills 
to plains, the wealth of the waterways, the blessings of plenteous and regular rains, a mild 


XII 


climate, and great fertility, all provided the pre-conditions for close settlement, wealth, 
as well as a joyous spirit among the people. Enjoyment of life and nature developed 
the artistic imagination of the Szechúan people. And the result was poetical talent, and 
a particular desire for colours and pleasant architectural forms. Above all the close 
affinity to the soil and the country in whose beauty and blessings the gods revealed 
themselves. Journeying through Szechúan, numerous works of art that have charmed all 
travellers are continiously met with. 

The number of temples in Szechúan exceeds that of all other provinces. Extensive 
forests and groves lead to the sacred grounds and surround them. Pagodas crown the 
mountain summits. Incense towers ornament the temples and villages. Sacred masts 
stand around the altars and tombs. The town-walls and their gates grace the sky-line. 
Roadside altars, usually dedicated to the gods of the soil and wealth, fringe the roads. 
Memorial stones and inscriptions, often in great groups, as well as red sand-stone gates 
of honour and pavilions enliven the surroundings of towns and villages. Noticeable 
spots, such as waterfalls, rocks, road-crossings, and passes are made more conspicuous 
by stones and altars erected to the tutelary deities, or by inscribed tablets lauding histo- 
rical events, the beauty of the country, and the favours of the gods. Each strikirig form 
in nature, the outlines of a mountain, the shape of a river or plain is fancifully connected 
with mythological ideas and events. And the short significant names and stories are 
continually quoted. The works of architecture cause history to live throughout the 
country. The temples are mostly visible from afar as features of the landscape and cause 
the external works of nature and man to appear as a harmonious whole. 

About as early as the birth of Christ the plains around Chéngtufu, the capital, 
were changed from marshes and inundated country into the most fertile parts of the 
Szechidn province. This was effected by means of water-courses and irrigation. The 
originators of the clever scheme were the engineers Li Ping and his son Örl Lang, who 
since then have been sanctified and venerated as the heroes of Szechüan. Throughout 
the whole province, in which the cultivation of rice plays the leading rôle, altars and 
wayside temples were erected to them, as well as on mountain slopes, in valleys, in the 
middle of rice-fields, in villages and towns. Their two chief temples stand in the most 
important spot of their activity above the gorge where the Min River passes through 
the rocks near Kuanhien. The Orl Lang temple is one of the most beautiful in China. 

Situated on a mountain-side, rising steeply from the banks of the river, stands the 
great temple with its many steps, forecourts and gateways. The halls of the gods, dwel- 
ling-houses, and reception rooms are grouped round a number of large courts. Father 
and son are enthroned in the main hall. There is a wealth of shapely buildings, colour, 
and sculptures. The tense but graceful lines of the roofs and little towers project out 
of the thick grove which completely encloses the temple. “Here the rivers flow, the 
mountains point upwards, the water is a blessing, and the mountains protectors. The 
. halls and temples point upwards, and in Paradise dwell the spirits and saints.“ 


e 
+ 


3 


E 


We wish to explain from whence that feeling of restful comfort and harmony of 
our soul arises at the sight of Chinese buildings. For we not only enjoy the unity of 
the extensive edifices and grounds with the immediate surroundings and nature, with which 
we feel ourselves a part in the picture of the buildings and the landscape. But we also 
feel that the buildings themselves, nay, even their ornaments must somehow be imbued 
with natures living spirit, and only for this reason do they produce that mood of com- 
plete peace. The Chinese hall itself is severe and stiff in its facades and its vertical and 


XII 


horizontal lines, as too are the pillars and beams, the eaves and ridges of the roofs. But, 
as the main view of the buildings is not, as with the Greek temple, the gable-end, but 
rather the front, the roofs, and not the gables, are of preponderating importance. Thus 
the rhythm of the vertical and horizontal is more emphatically accentuated than in our 
classical buildings. The accentuation is increased by double and triple roofs. And very 
often new verticals are interposed in a mezzanine. The simple proportions of the leading 
lines provide framework for further ornamentations which infuse additional artistic life 
into the building. This is attained by a pronounced breaking of the single lines, especially 
of the roof, into many minute sections. The roof surface and the gables are richly or- 
namented, the facade is completely transformed into tracery as though it were veiled 
by a net of the finest pattern. The striking rows of consoles are peculiar to the mo- 
numental style. They are both manifold in their shape and in the great number of their 
individual parts, and they give complete fluency to the long lines of cornice-tiles with 
their lights, shadows, and colours. 

The best-known and most impressive Chinese motif is the curve of the roof lines 
and surfaces. It is particularly this curve that enlivens the buildings and has pronounced 
artistic aims. It is seldom met with in simple buildings, but is all the more beautifully 
developed in sacred and state edifices. The curved line is most effectively developed in 
central and southern China. Whatever may have been the technical or historical reason 
which induced Chinese architects to employ the curved roof lines and surfaces, it is 
certainly a fact that the many soft lines and surfaces harmonize much better with the - 
irregular lines of the surrounding landscape, with trees, hills, mountains, and even with 
the sky and the clouds, than would stiff and straight lines. With this motif we feel that 
inwardly desired unity of man’ s work with nature. And for this reason it has remained 
till to day the most conspicuous characteristic of Chinese architecture. 

The desire to animate the stiff ideal of beauty with its well-balanced proportions 
by adding ornamental decorations and details can doubtlessly be explained from the 
habit of always considering metaphysical and religious moods in even the most simple 
details. Undulating lines and surfaces, together with an overflowing wealth of natura- 
listic ornamentation, provided an equally satisfactory expression as did our Gothic or 
baroque of the mystic connection between the gods and men. 


One feature of purést Chinese architecture is particularly evident in the memorial 
gates erected in honour of meritorious men and women, namely the harmonious blending 
of the two basic conceptions: simple constructive outlines and vivid ornamental deco- 
rations, Yang and Yin, the male and female principles. The majority and most beautiful 
of such monuments are met with in the Province of Shantung, the home of monumental 
sculpture. The socles, beams, and part of frieze, often even the posts themselves, are : 
covered with ornaments as well as reliefs. They are never art for art's sake, but serve 
to slightly accentuate the architectural effect of the monument. 

In the memorial gates we can recognize the change of architectural styles in the 
different provinces. In the north the proportions are simple and tense, the distribution 
of lines and masses severe, the reliefs powerful. The province of Shensi provides a tran- 
sition to Szechúan where slighter forms obtain, where a variety of delicate and curved 
roof lines are seen, as well as more graceful, and sometimes coloured reliefs, where 
there is an unrestrained use of numerous motifs. In Hunan the appearance of the gates 
assumes a haughty and even exaggerated elegance. The beams are laid singly and 
directly between the uprights. In the south, in Kuangsi and Kuangtung, Indian influence 


XIV 


is noticeable in the profusion of ornamental details. The effective motif of the single 
and triple memorial gate is also in high relief round door-frames in massive walls. This 
is particularly the case in Hunan and Szechúan. There the edges of many cornices 
and other parts are often framed with small chips of blue and white porcelain, which, 
together with the boldly curving upward lift of the roofs have a joyous effect. 

The pagodas are symbols of the Buddhist doctrine, lighthouses of the Buddhist 
universal law. In spite of their Indian origin they have undergone a real Chinese deve- 
lopment. Indeed, they have become Chinese interpretations of indispensable integral 
parts of the perfect Chinese landscape. Nevertheless, in many ways they are a foreign 
element, which, it is true, the Chinese spirit has enriched, made more profound, and 
brought into close relation with-itself. The tall, usually massive, towers contrast with 
other edifices whose main characteristic is a slight development of height compensated 
for by a great extent of ground-plan area. And closely as the pagodas are now con- 
nected with the picture of Chinese architecture and landscape, they yet emphasize an 
individual note which is both conspicuous and strange in the surroundings. As the 
motif mainly came to China from the west, it is synonymous with a powerful individual 
idea that conquered the Far East. The fact that the Chinese accepted this idea so 
willingly, and even vested it with the extremely beautiful form of their pagodas, may 
be a proof that their ancient art did not suffice them for the expression of the ultimate 
ideal, and that they strove for new means of expression. These they received from 
Buddhism. All other buildings show the desire to hug the earth. The Chinese do not 
wish to leave the ground. To scale the heights is quite foreign to their innermost 
character. In this they are diametrically opposed to us with our plethora of tall cathe- 
drals and palaces. The Chinese cling to the ground: And it is just this that is the source 
of their profound artistic temperament. 

The purely artistic value of pagodas is usually very great. Even constructional masses 
rising to great heights are clearly and distinctly proportioned. The details are finely adapted 
to various distances. The most varied auxiliaries are utilized and correctly employed. 
Thus unity of height of the different tapering stories, single or double cornices, terraces, 
or a slight swelling of the body of the tower, straight lines, or animated curves of inter- 
mediate, roofs, disposal of a composite socle, an independent intermediate story, or a 
sudden rising from the ground in an uninterrupted straight line to the very top. But the 
great charm lies in the harmonious effect of the curved and softened lines of the roofs 
and the contours on the body of the main buildings. This is a natural animation of a 
rigid scheme per se by the visible play of forces. The charming pagoda in the distant 
mountain Ling yen sze Monastery in the province of Shantung, and in the imposing Tien 
ning sze and Palichuang monasteries near Peking belong to the most beautiful examples. 
The roof lines of the single stories of the Szechiian pagodas are manifold and bold in 
their curving. Sometimes the edges and eaves are vertical and seem to draw the building 
up with them, or they descend in elegant curves and appear striving to anchor it to the 
ground. In addition there is a superabundance of colour and ornamentations of all kinds 
with which the single stories are decorated. Very often the pagoda motif is combined 
with that of the incense altar. The altars are shaped like towers, the smoke ascends as 
through a chimney, and escapes into the air at the top out of the mouth of the three- 
legged toad. The strongly-marked curves of the roof line, and the gracefully finished work 
of the details are found in the whole of central and southern China. 


XV 


The close connection of the Chinese with the earth, the reverence for his ancestors, 
his belief in a continued existence of the soul after death lead him to devote special care 
to graves. The consideration of a good Fengshui plays a decisive rôle, but always coincides 
with the beauty of the site. Natural conditions are always allowed for, and the graves 
are often decisive for the aspect of the landscape. The broad and completely flat yellow 
plains along the rivers of the north make a melancholy impression with their grave mounds. 
They are both large and small and unornamented, and closely crowded together. The 
fields of the dead are even met with near the coast, and there is often not a house within 
sight. Systematic groups of graves were laid out round the towns, and more attention 
paid there to artistic features. Stone tables and utensils serve the requirements of the 
dead. The names of the deceased are engraved on stone tablets. Around Peking one sees 
beautiful groves with graves of the wealthy families in the pleasant wooded plains, as 
well as richer grave districts of noble and aristocratic families. Cemeteries with grave 
pagodas for Buddhist priests are also found. The effect of the larger burial grounds of 
princes, and especially those of empèrors, has been augmented to a magnificent degree. 

The old Chinese monumental spirit also still holds sway inthe graves of the northern. 
provinces. The groups of the graves lie solemnly arrayed in the middle of the wide fields, 
with only scanty willows and cypresses to break the monotony of the Loess dust and 
aridness. And the effect of the severe lines of these huge grave mounds in Sianfu, under 
which lie the remains of past generations of monarchs, is that of almost gloomy magni- 
ficence. But in the province of Shensi we notice by the grave tablets, which are often 
graceful and to a certain extent ornamental, that we are approaching the cheerful and 
imaginative south. And south of the Tsîn ling mountains the graves seem almost imbued 
with a spirit of friendliness. They are placed intentionally close to the mountain slopes, — 
are embedded in the valleys, fringe the roads, and ornament the whole country. They 
are very often placed on the northern mountains of the towns and give them a favourable - 
Fengshui. These graveyards sometimes spread over to the other side of the river opposite 
the town and are a part of the landscape. Sometimes they are rendered conspicuous as 
independent sections of the landscape by pagodas, temples, and altars. And particularly 
on the upper reaches of the Yangtze are they enlivened by large pyramid-shaped cypresses. 
The graves themselves are often ornamented with a wealth of lavish art, and broadened 
by steps and terraces for altars and sacrificial utensils. If possible a little bridge is erected 
in front, or at least there is a suggestion of one. Beyond the written sign, standing for 
the name of the deceased, proverbs are seldom lacking. They are often taken from the 
classics, and connect the life of the deceased with the place where he lived and is buried. 
‘This arrangement permanently keeps alive the conception of man’s tasks in nature. “Where 
the mountains shine man is perfect. Where the tinted clouds glitter like silk, and where 
the stars sparkle, there is holy ground.” — “l have returned to the real earth. This is Heaven 
in which | enjoy everlasting peace.” 


The journey up the Yangtse displays to the traveller a number of the most beautiful 
towns which are particularly charming in Szechúan. They are mostly situated on the 
northern bank of the great stream, and are built on the mountain slopes. They are espe- 
cially favourably situated if they are on the mouth of a tributary river. Many towns, such 
as Kiatingfu on the Min River, and Süchoufu on the Yangtze, possess nearly all conditions 
of a very appropriate position. The battlemented town-walls climb up to the highest 
point on the mountain in the north on which the town is built, and which is regarded 
as the seat of the ancestor, the spirit of the town. The height is surmounted by a temple 


XVI 


for the Taoist gods, the guardians of the city. Sometimes a pagoda in the town adds 
to the favourable impression of the situation. It is a counterpoise of the great Fengshui 
Pagoda of the town which rises on a mountain in a distant spot to the south-east on 
the other side of the river. As a rule a magnificent view may be had from there of the 
town and river. Other sanctuaries are also erected there: temples for Buddhist and 
Taoist deities, for men of merit. And there are stone reliefs, letters carved in the rocks, 
altars in caves, and a sacred grove. lf there is a chain of mountains on the other side 
of the river near the town to the south, with perhaps remarkable caves, then the site 
is considered perfect. The mountain ridge stands for a spirit wall, and is decorated with 
temples and sacred objects. Atthe same time it keeps off evil influences, and its sacredness 
permeates the town. The desire to sanctify a beautiful site, and to add to its glories by 
erecting fine buildings, is evident in the planning of these towns. The mountain in the 
north on which the town is built is often thrown up artificially. Thus the Coal Hill in 
Peking to the north of the Imperial Palace is the work of man’s hand, and is the point of 
orientation of the great main axis. Here too is the artificial lake with its islands that 
fills in the space to the west of the palace. Lakes, both in and near towns, belong to 
their sanctuaries. The Lake of the Great Splendour in Tsinanfu is celebrated. Sihu, the 
West Lake, near Hangchou, about which so many songs have been written, is still more 
celebrated. It is in an extremely beautiful setting which has been made still more lovely 
and sublime by the many works of religious architecture. 

Kueilinfu, the provincial capital of Kuangsi, is situated in one of the most remarkable 
landscapes in the world. The town stands on a wide plain from which numerous steep 
cone-shaped mountains rise abruptly and make the landscape look like a field of gigantic 
pyramids. The town-wall is built on some of the mountains which are closely crowded 
together in the north, and also constitute a protective barrier to keep off evil spiritual 
- influence from the north. Nearly all these mountains around Kueilinfu are characterized 
by caves. The most important of these is the Cave of the Seven Stars. It cuts through 
a whole mountain in exactly the most ideal position in the east. In the south-east of the 
town the Fengshui Pagoda crowns a strange rock shaped like an elephant’s head with 
the trunk hanging down in the river as though drawing water. Thus the peculiarities 
of a unique landscape are > magnified. 


(3 


Canton, the capital of the province of Kuangtung, is of all Chinese towns perhaps 
the richest and most densely populated. lt is built opposite an island on the north bank 
of the broad Western River. The tall and slender Fengshui Pagoda rises in the south 
on the other side of the stream. The town faces south, and is spread over a plain. But 
its northern part is on a hill-slope enclosed in the city area by the north triangle of the 
town-wall. On-it stands a five-cornered tower-like edifice with the tutelary goddess of 
the town. The view from this hill shows a further connection with the landscape. The 
whole of the town and suburbs with their narrow streets seem to be but a southern 
projection of a high mountain range, the culminating point of which lies far in the north 
of the town. This is the Mountain of the White Clouds, the symbol of departed souls. 
- The entire extent of the mountainous area is covered for miles and miles in all directions 
with both plain and sometimes extremely ornate graves that decorate the round tops of 
the elevations, slopes, and valleys. There are millions of graves. These light-coloured 
lime-stone and granite edifices are spread all the way up to the highest summits where 
they lie hidden in the dense forests. Here there are also numerous temples, mostly Buddhist.. 
Among them is one for the Buddha of the Future, the symbol of life after death. Standing 


XVII 


among these graves and looking down unto the great town in the plain with its enormoùs 
‘traffic it seems as though it were the resuscitation of the silent mountain necropolis to 
which all will return again. This symbol, born of the landscape, city, and graves, and 
which so clearly explains the sentence: “From life to death, from death to life”, is more 
sublimely represented in Canton than in any other part of China. And this great picture 
shows us the truth that the purport of life is a cycle. The multifarious activity of an 
indefatigable people, whose sole interest appears to be but in the restless doings of daily 
life, seems closely knitted with their calm trust in an end from which there is no returning. 

Finally there remains an unsolved problem. How do we connect in our minds the 
two values of life and nothingness which are opposed to one another and yet at the same 
time determine our actions? How can we find a compensation between the work we 
have to do with our hands anew every day and the silent realms of eternity whose pow- 
ers we feel, but which spell dissolution for us? It would appear that the Chinese re- 
nounce answering this question. They are content with the incertitude. We shall end 
our wanderings in China at the grave of a priest that looks down from the highest summit 

of the sacred Pútóshan island on the sanctuaries of the Goddess of Mercy and the 
“island world. On this grave, amidst the beauties of nature is:carved the proverb: “Life 
is a riddle, and the body is as naught”. 

And yet the Chinese know that Hie dissolution that awaits us all is not extinction. 
Rather it is the solving of the riddle, and the source of power for us and our children. 
The long and manifold history of the Chinese, and their permanent works of both the 
spirit and art, prove that they are not content with renunciation alone, but that they 
always had a positive view of life and cheerfully acquiesced in it. Yet they ever ga- 
thered strength from the silence of nature, from solitude, and spiritualization. To them 
also applies the word of the German poet who connected our comprehension of life 
with the wisdom of the East to the most absolute human truth: “Only he who has con- 
ceived the supreme unreality will be able to give form to the supreme reality.” 


LS 


The quotations in the text have been translated for the first time from Chinese inscriptions. 
"The quotation at the end is from Hugo von Hofmannsthal. 


XVIII 













































































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Capitals 








Map of CHINA, 
The Eighteen Provinces. 
© Imperial tombs | 
50ldÇhines 


36 4 Buddhist acred Mountains 


in 1900-1909 





1 Peking 

2 Shih.san ling 

3 Si ling 

4 Jehol 

5 Ling yen sze 
donna 4 

sing yang shu 

Taianfa ph 
Tai shan 

6 Küfuhien 


6 Yenchoufu 

7 Wu tai shan 

8 Táiyianfu 
Yang wu chen 
Mien shan 

9 Meng chéng 
Pingyangfu 

10 Lutsún 

11 Hua shan 

12 Sianfu 


= ang ja: cs 





Heng Man 2k 2 
KP «| 


13 Miao täi tze 

14 Kuangyüanhien 

15 Lokianghien 
Hanchou 
Chéngtufu 

16 Kuanhien _ 
.Tsing chéng shan 

17 Yachoufu 
Kiungchou 

18 O mi shan 


Scale I hi 10000000. 


E 


+ 


19 Sichoufu 
—— Kiatingfu 
20 Tzeliutsing 
Yüentän 
Nan hua kung 
21 Chüngkingfu 
22 Fengtu 
Shih pao.chai 
Wanbien 
23 Kueichou 


XX 


47 CKIANGSI (7 


nF 


| 


© KUANGTUNI 


23 Feng siang köu 

24 Ichángfu 

25 Tung ting-See 

26 Chängshafu 
Lilinghien 

27 Heng shan 
Hengchoufu 

28 Kueilinfu 
Pinglofu 

29 Wuchoufu 


















MERO LLLUSTRATIONS 


The numbers behind place-names refer to those on the map. 


1. Pagoda in the Ling yen sze Monastery 48. _ Peking J. Western Hills. Gateway in 
5, Province of Shantung. the Imperial Park Tsing i yüan. 
1. Province of Chihli. 2. Province of Shantung. 
È The Great Wall. Built, since 500 B.C. 49-58. Ling yen sze 5. Monastery north of the 
ds Peking 4 Entrance to the Imperial Sacred Mount Tái shan. Dates from 
Palace. Built 1280-1400. ~ 4th cent. Pagoda was built 742-756. 
4, 5. Peking. Temple of Heaven. Built 1420. The Lohan figures date 1506-1522. 
Renewed 1751 4 1889. 52, 53. Tsinanfu 5. Capital of the Province. 
6. Peking. Town-Wall. Built 1419-1437. 54, 55. Tsíng yang shu 5. Village S. of Tsinanfu. 
7. Peking. Wu tä sze Pagoda. Designed In a glazed gable: Pilgrims mounting 
1403, built 1473. to the summit of the sacred mount 
8, 10. * Peking. Tien ning sze Pagoda. Height Tai shan. Built in the Ming Dynasty, 
58 metres. Built 602-615. Repeatedly probably in the reign of Non Li 
restored. 1573-1620. 
9, 11. Peking. Palichuang Pagoda. Height 56-61. Tdi shan 5, the most easterly of the 
56 metres. Built 1578. — - 5 ancient Chinese Sacred Mountains, 
12. Peking. Marble Pagoda in the Lama 1545 m high, situated immediately N. 
Monastery Huang sze. Built 1782. Con- of the town of Tdianfu. 
tains relics of a Tibetan Prince of the 62, 63. Küfu 6. Native town of Confucius with 
Church who died in Peking in 1780. . his chief temple and grave. The dra- 
iA, Peking. Western Hills. Kieh tdi sze gon columns of the hall 1500-1504. 
Monastery. 64-66. Yenchoufu 6. The buildings from the 
14-21. Peking. Western Hills. Marble Pagoda - time of the Ming Dynasty 1368-1644. 
in the Pi yún sze Monastery. Built 1749. 67. Jehol 4, province of Chihli. Bridges 
22-23. Travelling Carts. in park. Cf. Pl. 38. 


24. Shih san ling 2. Entrance to the 13 Im- 


perial Graves of the Ming Dynasty 3. Province of Shansi. 


1368-1644. 68, 69. Travelling scenes. 
25-31. Siling 3. The Western Imperial Graves 70-78, 109, Wu tdi shan 7. The Buddhist 
of the Manchu Dynasty 1644-1911. Sacred Mountain of the 5 Peaks dedi- 
32-37. Surroundings of Peking. cated to Wenshu pü sa or Bodhisattva 
38-45, 67. Jehol 4. Summer Residence of Manjusrî. Height of plateau 1700 m, 
the Manchu Emperors with Lama Mo- of northern pass 2500 m. The Great 
nasteries. The buildings date from the Pagoda (54 m) and the other buildings 
reign of Kfen Lung 1736-1796. were erected during the Ming Dynasty, 
46, 47. Voyage on the Luan River. : mostly in the reign of Wan Li 1573-1620. 


257 photographs were taken by the author in 1906— 1909. The plates used were 13X18 centimetres, the camera 
with a Goerz Double Anastigmatic. Some pictures were magnified eight-fold by employing a teleobjective. In 
“ addition to the author's photographs, 30 taken by Chinese photographers are included: 2—9, 12, 13, 19, 24, 49, 52, 
53, 57 —59, 61, 102, 103, 170, 185, 241, 250—253, 256, and 257. Plate 38 is reproduced from an old photograph in 
the Berlin “Kunstgewerbe- Museum”, 

The monuments photographed have been, and will be further dealt with in detail by the author in his works 
“Die Baukunst und religiose Kultur der Chinesen”, published by de Gruyter in Berlin, and “Chinesische Architektur” 


(in preparation). 
KEY TO PRONUNCIATION. 
ai =i in ice, e = e in men, i=i in ravine, o =o in mote, u = 00 in boot, ti = French élu, ou = ow in 
crow, ch= ch in church (slightly softer when not marked, slightly harder when ‘marked by an accent, e. g. Chao) 
The aspirate is indicated by an accent on the following vowel. k, p, t, slightly softer than in king, poll, tall; harder 
when accented, j= the French j in jeu, y = the consonant y in yard. 


XXI 


19. 


Miao tái tze 13. Province of Shansi. 
Roof-ridge (cf. Pl. 104). 


80-84, 254. Tdiyiianfu 8, Capital, and to S. 


85. 


86, 87. 


88. 


89, 90. 
91, 972. 


93. 


94-97. 


98-103. 


104-108. 


Kin tzé a chief temple of the prov. 
Solid stone buildings. 1573-1620. 
Yang wu chen 8 Dwelling-house 
of a wealthy man. 

Meng cheng and Pingyangfu 9. Me- 
morial Temple of the prehistoric 
emperors Huang Ti & Yao. 

Mien shan 8. Limestone mountains 
S. of Täiyüanfu. Cave Monastery of 
the Cloud Summit. 

Pingyangfu 9. Loess views. 

Lutsún 10, with great Salt Lake and 
important salt industry, situated in 
district of Kiaichou the native town 
of General Kuan Yü who fought in 
the years 184-219, and who was 
later exalted as Kuan Ti or Lao ye 
to the position of War God. 


4. Province of Shensi. 


Mienhien 13. General Ma Chéo, 
Kuan Yü’s comrade-in-arms (PI.92) 
against Tsáo Tsdo. 
depicted fleeing on the painted 
background. 

Hua shan JJ, the western ancient 
Chinese Sacred Mount (2050 m). 
The summit is a cylinder with 5 sharp 
peaks, one in the N., E., W., S., and 
middle. The great temple of Hua 
yin miao belonging to it is situated 
on the plain at the N. part of the 
mountain. 

Sianfu 12, Capital of prov., till 907 
repeatedly capital of the empire. 
The Great Wild Goose Pagoda 
(55 m) was founded by the Buddhist 


pilgrim Hüan Tsang 651 and re- 


built about 705. The Small Wild 
Goose Pagoda (ca. 45 m) was built 
in 710. 

Miao tdi tze 13 in the Tsín ling Mts. 
Monastery and memorial temple for 
Chang Liang the Chancellor of the 
first emperor of the Han Dynasty 
(206 B.C.). He received his powers 


The latter is — 


109. 


110-113. 


114, 115. 


116-117 


118-130, 


131. 


132, 133, 


137-142. 


143. 


144-149. 


XXII 


and abilities from a spirit on the 
Sacred Temple Hill. 

Wu tdi shan 7. Prov. of Shansi. 
Stairway to a monastery (cf. PI. 70). 


5. Province of Szechúan. 


Kuangyúanhien 14 on Kialing River. 
Temple of the Táng Empress Wu 
Hou (684-705) on the right bank ~ 
opposite the town, the emblems and 
mirrorof which are the rock Buddhas. 
These, and the sculptures of the 1000 
Buddha Rock above the town, prob- 
ably date 700. Paintings are new. 
Lokiang and Hanchou 15. Greatest 
town on the plain Chéngtufu. 
Chéngtufu 15. Cap. of the Prov. The 
Buddhist monastery for the Bodhi- 
sattva Wenshu is situated within the 
town, outside a large Taoist mon- 
astery for Laotze. 
134. Kuanhien 16 on the Min River. 
Starting point for the irrigation of 
the Chéngtu plain. The memorial 
temple Örl Lang miao on the river 
bank commemorates the engineers 
and demigods Li Ping and his son 
Örl Lang. 

Wanhien 22. Bell in temple of Con- 
fucius (cf. Pl. 175). 

135, 136, 154. Tsing cheng shan 16. 
Mountain of the Green Town S. W. 
of Kuanhien filled with Taoist sacred 
objects, monasteries and caves. 
Vachoufu 17 on the threshold of 
Tibetan culture. N. of the town the 
Kin feng sze Monastery. Bamboo 
rafts are used to convey travellers 
on the Ya River. 
Süchoufu or Suifu 79 at mouth of 
the Min in the Yangtze. Mountain 
monastery at foot. 

O mi shan 28, the Buddhist Sacred 
Mount of Púhien pú sa orBodhisattva 
Samantabhadra (3380 m). The largest 
“Monastery of the 10000 Years” or 
of “Eternity” is situated at a height 
of 1000 m. On the highest point of 
the Golden Summit on a steep pre- 


1507 


151. 
192. 


153. 


cipice descending to a depth of 
1000 m there are large monastery 
premises of simple exterior and richly 
furnished. The summit is almost 
always cloud-capped, and only sel- 
dom emerges out of the mist for a 
short time. 

Kiatingfu 19. View of the town 
towards S. In S. E. mountains with 
pagodas and other sanctuaries. 
Süchoufu 19 (cf. PI. 143). 
Hanchou 15. N. of Chéngtufu. 
Wayside altar. 

Kiungchou 17. N. of Vachoufu. 
Village with half-timbered houses 


and incense pagoda (cf. PI. 125). 


154. 
199-197: 


158-161, 


162, 163, 


164. 


165. 


166, 168. 
167,169. 
170. 
171. 


Tsing chéng shan 16 (cf. PI. 132). 

From Luchou to Tzeliutsing - 20. 
Landscape: bridge, Pdilou, temple, 
farm - buildings, and rice - fields. 
Wayside altar: stone mast, Buddha 


stela, incense pagoda and two 
shrines. Two memorial gates on 
the road. 


190, 263. Tzeliutsing 20, great in- 
dustrial salt wells district. The wells 
are 1500 m deep and recognizable 
by high brine pump scaffoldings. 
The salt is transported in ships. The 
rich merchants from the various pro- 
vinces have built beautiful clubs for 
their countrymen. 

167, 169. Chüngking 21, picturesque 


town on the Vangtze with exten-- 


sive trade. Opposite the town a 
celebrated ancient cave temple de- 
dicated to Lao kün the “Old Lord 
of the Mountains” or the “Innate 
Spirit”. 

Fengtu 22 on the Yangtze with im- 
portant Taoist sanctuaries. ls regar- 
ded as the entrance to the Chinese 
underworld. 

Yüentén 20, spot near Tzeliutsing 
(cf. PI. 158). 

Wanhien 22 (cf. PI. 172). 
Chüngking 21 (cf. PI. 162.) 
Kueichou 23. Town on the Yangtze. 
Shih pao chai 22. Place of the 
“Precious Stone Bar” and “Rock 


172-178, 


179. 


180-183. 


184-187. 


188, 189. 


190. 


191-194, 


195, 198, 


190x497: 


199, 202. 


203, 204. 


XXIII 


of the 10000 Shadows”. The summit 
is reached by a staircase in a leaning 
half of a pagoda and is surmounted 
by a temple for the God of the 
Underworld. 

131, 166, 168. Wanhien 22, beautiful 
town on the Yangtze with well- 
formed buildings and with cave- 
temples in the immediate neighbour- 
hood. Chang Fei was the blood 
brother of Kuan Yü (PI. 92) and 
conquered with him the old kingdom 
of Shu, the present-day Szechúan. 
Nan hua kung 20, spot near Tze- 
liutsing (cf. Pl. 158). 

Feng siang kóu 23 or Feng siang 
hia the “Bellows George” below 
Kueichoufu. 


6. Province of Hupel. 


Ichängfu 24, busy trading town. The 
Dragon King's Cave is situated in S. 
opposite the town at some distance 
from the river. 


7. Province of Hunan. 


Tung ting Lake 25 at the mouth 
of the Siang kiang in the Vangtze. 
Tzeliutsing 20. Prov. of Szechúan. 
Shansi Club (cf. Pl. 160). 

201. Chángshafu 26. Capital of the 
Prov. Tso Wensiang, a successful 
statesman of the 19th cent. was 
born in Chángsha. The noble Chén 
family owns one of the most beau- 
tiful ancestral temples of the town. 
200, 205. Liling 26, pretty county 
administrativetown S.E.ofChángsha. 
Heng shan 27 or Nan yúo, the sou- 
thern ancient Chinese Sacred Mount 
(ca. 1000 m). The great temple at 
the foot is conspicuous for a beau- 
tiful main hall. A 
Hengchoufu 27 on the Siangkiang, 
county administrative town of the 
southern Sacred Mount. 

Views in the S. of the Province. 


206-210. 
211-215. 


216-218. 


2195221 


8. Province of Kuangsi. 


Views in the N. of the Province. 

Kueilinfu 28, Provincial capital on 
the Kuei River surrounded by strange 
cone-shaped mountains with caves, 
amongst which the “Cave of the 
7 Stars” next to the bridge is the 
largest. 

The Kuei River, on which Pinglofu 
is situated. lt passes through rugged 
mountains into a regular landscape. 
Wuchoufu 29 at the mouth of the 
Kuei in the Si kiang or West River. 
The censers date from the year 1717. 


a 


9. Province of Kuangtung. 


Canton 30. Capital of the Province on the 


222229: 


230. 


231-233. 


234-237. 


West River. 


Views of temples and the Great 
Mosque in the town. 

Marble Pagoda, built in the time of 
Kfen Lung, 1736-1796. 

Wu tseng lou, the five-storied tower, 
stands on the N. Hill Yiieh siu shan 
in a line with the town-wall and 


looks towards S. as the religious ‘ 


guardian of the town. Near it on 
the Kuanyin shan Hill the temple for 
the Goddess of Mercy. On the 
mountain slopes N. of the town 
graves and a mosque, said to contain 
a tomb of an uncle of Mahomet. 

The numerous graves in the N. 
mountains of Canton are spread 
high up on the Pai yün shan, the 
Mountain of the “White Clouds” 
— the symbol of departed souls —. 


. The mountain closes the landscape 


238, 239. 


to the north. lts summit, Mo sing 
ling, “strokes the stars”, is nearly 
400 m high. 

Neng jen sze Monastery is situated 
on the summit of the Mountain of 
the White Clouds in the N. of 


Canton. 


240, 243. 


244-249. 


250. 
251: 


20202001 


254. 


299: 


10. Province of Fukien. 


Fuchou 31. Capital of the Prov. on 
the Min River. Graves. 

Yung tsúan sze “Monastery of the - 
Rushing Source” on the “Drum 
Mountain” S. E. of Fuchou, cele-. 
brated as place of pilgrimage and 
sanctuary. In February 1909 solemn 
Buddhist masses were said here for 
the souls of the Emperor Kuang Sii 
and the Dowager-Empress Tze Hi 
who died in November 1908. Their 
two soul tablets were placed on an | 
altar draped with silk, and decorated 
with small marble Buddhas. In the 
Library there is lying a large marble 
Buddha in a glass case next to a 
Pagoda of relics. 

Fuchou harbour with view of Ku shan. 
Santuao 31 or Santao, port N. of 
Fuchou. | 


11. Province of Kiangsu. 


Shanghai 32, largest port in China 
on mouth of the Yangtze. The Lung. 
hua tá “Pagoda of the Beauty of. 
Dragon” (38 m high) S. of the town 
was founded in 247, rebuilt in 1411, 
and repeatedly renovated. 
Téiyüanfu 8, province of Shansi. 
1000 armed Kuanyin, Goddess of 
Mercy in the “Monastery of Great 
Pity. One of the three similar 
gigantic figures standing next to each 
other in the main hall. 

Suchou 33. Provincial capital. 1000 
armed Kuanyin of the Four Cardi-’ 
nal Points in the Monastery of the 
500 Lohan, Kieh túng sze. 


12. Province of Chekiang. 


256-262. 


Hangchoufu 34. Capital of the Prov. 


The views are all from Si hu, the West Lake 


256, 291: 


XXIV 


near the town. 


Lake and “Pagoda of the Thunder 
Summit”, built 970, now ruin. 


258. 


259. 


260. 


Rock Buddha and Pagoda on the 


“Mountain that came flying from 
India” in the valley of ‘Refuge of 
Souls”. 

Grave of the statesman Yo Fei who 
died an unjust death in 1141, but 
since then venerated as a pattern 
of faithfulness. 


Incense pagoda in the “Cloud Grove 


. Monastery”. 


261: - 


262. 


263. 


.264, 265. 
. 266-269. 


210-212, 


Sheng yin sze “Monastery of the 
Holy Succession”. The marble pa- 
goda in the interior of the main hall 


-has 16 Lohan figures as hermits gra- ' 


ved on it. Probably built 1736-1796. 


Imperial Travelling Palace. Interior 


of Library. _ 

Tzeliutsing 20. Prov. of Szechúan. 
Part of a hall in the Shansi Club 
(cf. PI. 160). 

Between Tien túng sze and Ningpo. 
Grave, and view on journey. 

Tien ting sze 35. “Monastery of the 
Celestial Boy” N. of Ningpo. 
Ningpo 35. Largest port of the pro- 
vince on Yung River, with magni- 


278. 


277, 279-288. Pu td shan 36. 


XXV. 


ficent stores, quild halls, and family 
temples. 

Hainingchou 34. E. of Hangchoufu, 
celebrated for its great bore at the 
mouth of the Tsfeng táng. 

Island in the 
Chou shan or Chusan group “Sailor 
Mountains”, the Buddhist Sacred 
Mountain of the Bodhisattva Ava- 
lokitesvara or Kuanyin, the Goddess 
of Mercy. Monasteries and sanct- - 
uaries for the goddess cover the 
island. The pagoda was built in 
1334. In the “Monastery of the 
Rain of Law”, Fa yü sze, there are 
stone reliefs with the 24 represen- 
tations of filial piety (2 examples on 
plates 282/83) and strange figures 5 
of the goddess made of a pearl in 
a splendid altar (PI. 27), in a white: 
dress embroidered with green bam- 
boo designs (PI. 284), of marble in 


_ glazed altar shrine (Pl. 285). On the 


summit of the mountain a grave 
looks down on the archipelago. 


The figures refer to the numbers of the pages and PES: 


Altars 152, 154, 156, 201, 206, 227, 229, 245, 


246, 248, 267, 276, 277. 


Bridges 28, 32, 35, 66, 67, 120, 121, 142, 155, 


174, 198, 213, 273, 282. 

Buddha Figures 20, 21, 50, 75, 149, 247, 254, 
255, 286, 287. 

Canton XVII 222-239. 


Cave Monasteries VI, XII, XVII 88, 167, 168, 184. 


Chéngtufu XIII 116, 117. 

Dragon V, XI 34, 41, 62, 65, 74, 92, 123, 174, 
184, 207, 225. 

Dwelling Houses and Shops 85, 252, 974, 278. 

Family Temples 204, 205, 226. 

Fengshui VIII. 


Gates and Doorways 25, 33, 56, 60, 81, 98, 
99, 163— 169, 186, 187, 190, 191, 195, 209, 


203, 214, 226, 271. | 
Graves XVI— XVIII 51, 137 — 139, 172, 173, 207, 


234 —237, 240—243, 259, 265, 281, 288, — 


cf. also Imperial Graves. 
Heng shan vide Sacred Mountains, 
Heroes 92, 93, 130. 
Hua shan vide Sacred Mountains. _ 
Imperial Graves VIII 24—31. 
Jehol IX 38-45. 
Kiatingfu XVI 150. 
Kuangyiianhien XIl 110 — 113. 
Kuanhien XIII 118—130. 
Kueilinfu XVII 210— 215. 
Lion 35, 81: *- 
Memorial Gates XIV 25, 26, 48, 56, 63—65, 
157, 200, 208, 219. 


Memorial Temples XII 86, 87, 104—108, 110, 
123, 124—129, 176—178, 193, 194, 222, 


226, 997: 
Miao tai tze XII 104 108. 


XXVI 








Mien shan XI 88. 
Mountain e 13, Hr aL, 


Peking VII, vil ane 3 
Pi yün sze VII 14—: 
Priests 39, 148, 268, | 


4 Buddhist, 
shan 10-18, 


114, 115, 140, 1 
DITS IE 
Tsinanfu XVII 52, 5; 
Maicon 80.. 





Ling yen sze. Prov. Shantung 


Pagoda in the Monastery of the animated Pagode du Couvent des Cimes animées. 
Summits of Mountalns Prov. de Chantoung 
Pagode Im Kloster der beseelten Berggipfel 
Pagoda en el Monasterlo de las Pagoda nel Convento delle 
Cumbres animadas Cime animate 





Wan li chang chéng. Prov. Chihli 


The Great Wall La Grande Murallle. Province de Tcheli ' 


Die GroBe Mauer 


La Muralla grande La Muraglia grande 


adi > ee 
y sa 


Se 











NR 
7 o dio 


CN 





m 


\\ 


«h 


11 
N 


MC 


Er 





Peking. Prov. Chihli 
Imperlal Palace Palais Impérial a Pékin 
Kaiserpalast 
Palazzo Imperiale 


Palacio Imperial 





Li LILY PAIR Te: 


hi TNT TENTE TITO ak Y RARA RARA 


y DÌ Y \ A y iA A AM \ RUN SANS SS 


ZA Ue 





Peking. Tíen tán. Prov Chihli 


Temple of Heaven. Terrace of Sacrifices Temple du Ciel à Pékin. Terrasse des sacrifices 
Himmelstempel Opferterrasse 
Templo del Cielo. Terraza de los sacrificios Templo del Cielo. Terrazza del sacrifizi 





Peking. Tien tán. Prov. Chihli 


Temple of Heaven. Hall of Annual Prayers : Temple du Ciel. Halie des Priéres annuelles 
Himmelstempel. Halle der Jahresgebete 
Templo del Cielo. Sala de las oraciones anuales Templo del Cielo, Sala delle orazioni annuali 


y 
PE, nes 


ty = 


LAA 


AE a 





Peking. Prov. Chihli 


Town-Wall ; Pékin, Murailles de la ville 
Stadtmauer 


Pekin. Muralla de la ciudad Pechino. Muraglia della città 


E, 








Peking. Wu tá sze. Prov. Chihli 


Five Towers Pagoda Pékin. Pagode des Cinq Tours 
Fùnf Turm-Pagode 
Pagoda de las Cinco Torres Pagoda delle Cinque Torri 





Peking. Tien ning sze. Prov. Chihli 


Pagoda In the Monastery of Celestial Peace Pékin. Pagode du Couvent de la Paix Céleste 


Pagode im Kloster des himmlischen Friedens 
Pagoda en el Monasterio de la Paz Celeste Pagoda nel Convento della Pace Celeste 


and 





Peking. Palichuang. Prov. Chihli 


Pagoda in the village of Pallchuang Pagode du village de Palitchouang 
Pagode im Dorf Palichuang 
Pagoda del pueblo de Palichuan ì Pagoda nel villaggio di Pallchuang 





Peking. Tien ning sze. Prov. Chihli 


Pagoda in the Monastery of Celestlal Peace Pékin. Pagode du Couvent de la Paix Céleste 
Part of the base Partie du socle 


Pagode Im Kloster des himmilischen Friedens. Teil des Sockels 


Pagoda en el Monasterio de la Paz Celeste Pagoda nel Convento della Pace Celeste 
Parte del zécalo Parte dello zoccolo 


10 


DAE, 





Peking. Palichuang. Prov. Chihli 


Pagoda in the village of Palichuang 


u village de Palitchouang 
Partie du socle 


Pagode d 


Part of the base 


Pagode Im Dorf Palichuang. Tell des Sockels 


Pagoda nel villaggio di Palichuang. Parte dello zoccolo 


Pagoda del pueblo de Palichuán. Parte del zócalo 


11 


Marble pagoda in the Yellow Monastery 


Pagoda de Mármol en el Monasterlo Amarillo 


Peking. Huang sze. Prov Chihli 


Marmorpagode im Gelben Kloster 


Pékin. 





Pagode de Marbre du Couvent Jaune 


Pagoda dei Marmi nei Convento Glallo 


12 





Peking. Si shan. Kieh téi sze. Prov. Chihli 


Terraced Monastery of the Vows in the Western Hills near Peking 


Couvent à terrasses dit Couvent des Voeux dans les Montagnes de l'Ouest, 
près de Pékin 


Terrassenkloster der Gelübde in den Westbergen bei Peking 


Monasterio escalonado de los Votos en las montafias 
al oeste de Pékin 


Convento dei Voti, costruzione in terrazze nelle montagne 
alloccidente di Pechino 


13 





Peking. Si shan. Pi yÜn sze. Prov. Chihli 


Western Hills near Peking. In the foreground the long grove of the Montagnes de l'Ouest, pres de Pékin. Au premier plan, le bois, 
Monastery of the Bluish-Green Clouds with the Marble Pagoda tout en longueur, du Couvent des Nuées bleu vert, 
avec la Pagode de Marbre 


Westberge bel Peking. Im Vordergrund der langgestreckte Hain des Klosters der blau-grúnen Wolken mit der Marmorpagode 


Montañas al oeste de Pekín. El bosque del Monasterlo Montagne allloccidente di Pechino. Il bosco steso del: Convento 
de las Nubes turquies y Pagoda de Mármol delle Nubi turchine e colla Pagoda del Marmi 


14 


The Marble Pagoda 


La Pagoda de Mérmol 


Peking. Si shan. Pi yun sze. Prov. Chihli 


Die Marmorpagode im Kloster der blaugrünen Wolken 





La Pagode de Marbre 


La Pagoda del Marmi 


15 


x À asd: 
PERTE 





Peking. Si shan. Pi yún sze Prov. Chihli 


Western Hills near Peking. Flight of steps Montagnes de l'Ouest, près de Pékin. La montée 
to the Marble Pagoda de la Pagode de Marbre 
Westberge bei Peking. Aufgang zur Marmorpagode 
Montañas al oeste de Pekín. Subida á la Montagne all'occidente di Pechino. Salita alla 
Pagoda de Mármol Pagoda del Marmi 


16 


PSE 


> 


s 


ER 





Peking. Si shan. Pi yùn sze. Prov, Chihli 


La Pagode de Marbre entourée de pins à écorce blanche 
Vue de derri&re 


The Marble Pagoda among white-barked pines 
Back view 


Die Marmorpagode zwischen weißrindigen Kiefern. Rückansicht 


La Pagoda dei Marmi attraverso | pin! di scorza bianca 
Vista dall'indietro 


La Pagoda de Mérmol entre pinos negrales 
Vistastrasera 


37 





Peking. Si shan. Pi yùn sze. Prov. Chihli 


Western Hills near Peking. The marbie Montagnes de l'Ouest, près de Pékin. La construction 
part of the Pagoda. Back view en marbre de la Pagode. Vue de derrière 
Westberge bei Peking. Der Marmorbau der Pagode. Rückansicht 
Montafias al oeste de Pekin. La obra de Montagne all'occidente di Pechino. La parte di 
mármol en la pagoda. Vista trasera marmo nella pagoda. Vista dall'indietro 


18 





Peking. Si shan. Pi yün sze. Prov. Chihli 


Uppermost platform of the Marble Pagoda Plate-forme supérieure de la Pagode de Marbre 
Oberste Plattform der Marmorpagode 
Ultima plataforma de la Pagoda de Märmol Plattaforma superiore della Pagoda dei Marmi 


19 





Peking. Si shan Pi yUn sze. Prov. Chihli 


Lamaist goddess of the Marble Pagoda Déesse lamaïque de la Pagode de Marbre 
Lamaistische Gôttin der Marmorpagode 
Diosa lamaica de la Pagoda de Mármol Divinità lamaica della Pagoda del Marmi 


20 





Peking. Si shan. Pi yùn sze. Prov; Chihli 


A bodhisatva of the Marble Pagoda Un bodhisatva de la Pagode de Marbre: 
À Ein Bodhisatwa der Marmorpagode 
Un bodhisatva de la Pagoda de Mármol Un bodhisatva della Pagoda del Marmi 


21 








Prov. Chihli 


Northern Chinese travelling-carts on the Plain of Peking Chariots de voyage du Nord de la Chine dans la plaine de Pékin 


Nordchinesische Reisekarren in der Pekinger Ebene 
Carros de viaje chinos en la lianura de Pekin Carri di viaggio cinesi nella pianura di Pechino 


22 


Travelling-carts on the Plain of Peking 


Carros de viaje en la llanura de Pekin 


Prov. Chihli 


Reisskarren in der Pekinger Ebene 





Charlots de voyage dans la plaine de Pékin 


Carri de viaggio nella pianura di Pechino 


23 


Nankéu. Shih san. ling. 


The Thirteen Imperlal Tombs of the Ming Dynasty 
near Nankóu. Road of Spirits 





Prov. Chihli 


Les treize tombeaux des empereurs de la dynastie des Ming, 
près de Nankéou. Le Chemin des Esprits. 


Die drelzehn Kalsergráber der Ming-Dynastie bel Nankóu. Gelsterweg 


Las trece tumbas imperiales de la dinastía Ming cerca de Nankóu 
Camino de los Espíritus 


Le tredici tombe imperiali della dinastía Ming presso Nankóu 
Cammino degli Spiriti 


DA 


Siling. Prov. Chihli 


The Western Imperial Tombs of the Manchu Dynasty 
Main entrance 





Les tombeaux occidentaux de la dynastie des Mantchous 
Entrée principale > 


Die westlichen Kalsergräber der Mandschu-Dynastie, Haupteingang 


Las tumbas occidentales de la dinastia Manchu. Entrada principal 


Le tombe occidentali della dinastia Manclu. | Entrata principale 


25 





Siling. Prov. Chihli 


The Western Imperial Tombs of the Manchu Dynasty Les tombeaux occidentaux des empereurs 
Part view of a gate at the main entrance de la dynastie des Mantchous. Vue d'une 


partie d'une porte de l'entrée principale 
Die westlichen Kalsergràber der Mandschu-Dynastie. Tellansicht eines Tores am Haupteingang 


Las tumbas occidentales de la dinastfa Manchu Le tombe occidentali della dinastia Manciu 
Detalle de una portada en la entrada principal Dettaglio d'una porta nell'entrata principale 


26 





Siling. Prov. Chihli 


Column on the Road of Spirits Colonne sur le Chemin des Esprits 
Sáule am Geisterweg 
Columna en el Camino de los Espíritus Colonna nel Cammino degli Spiriti 


LAT 


Siling. Prov. Chihli 


The Western Imperial Tombs of the Manchu-Dynasty 
Bridge on the Road of Spirits 


Die Westlichen Kaisergráber der Mandschu-Dynastle. 


Las tumbas occidentales de la dinastía Manchu 
Puente en el Camino de los Espíritus 





Les tombesux occidentaux des empereurs de la dynastie 
des Mantchous. Pont du Chemin des Esprits 


Brúcke Im Gelsterweg 


Le tombe occidentali della dinastia Manclu 
Ponte sul Cammino degli Spiriti 


28 


un 


EN 


EE 


Wea: 


The Road of Spirits seen from the Bridge 


El Camino de los Espfritus desde el puente 


Siling. Prov, Chihli 


Der Gelsterweg von der Brücke aus 


— i 
st i A eg 





Le Chemin des Esprits vu du pont 


ll Cammino degli Spiriti visto dal ponte 


29 





Siling. Prov. Chihli 


The Western Imperial Tombs of the Manchu Dynasty Les tombeaux occidentaux des empereurs 
The Road of Spirits in front of the Tomb Temple de la dynastle des Mantchous 
Le Chemin des Esprits devant le temple funéralre 


Die Westlichen Kalsergráber der Mandschu-Dynastie. Der Geisterweg vor dem Grabtempel 


Las tumbas occidentales de la dinastía Manchu. El Camino Le tombe occldentali della dinastia Manciu: ll Cammino degli 
de los Espíritus de larte del Templo Funarario Spiriti davanti Il Tempio funebre 


30 





A Tomb Temple 


Un templo funerario 


Siling. Prov. Chihli 


Ein Grabtempel 


Temple funéraire 


Un tempio funerario 


31 





Peking. Si shan. Shih tze wo. Prev. Chini 


Monastery garden in the Western Mountains Pékin. Jardin d'un couvent dans les Montagnes, de l'Ouest 
Klostergarten in den Westbergen 
Jardin de un monasterio en las Montafias Occidentales Giardino d'un convento nelle Montagne Occidentali 


32 





Peking. Prov. Chihli 
Door in the Temple of the Wind God Porte du temple du dieu du vent 


Tür im Tempel des Windgottes 
Puerta en el Tempio del Dios-Viento Porta nel Tempio del Dio Vento 


33: 


Dragon on the edge of a sluice In the Túngchou Canal 


Peking. 


Prov. Chihli 


e re Re 


hes 





Dragon sur le bord de l'écluse du canal de Toungchou 


Drache am Schleusenrand im Tungchou-Kanal 


Dragén en el borde de una esclusa del Canal de Tüngchou 


Dragone sul bordo d 


una cateratta Jel Canale di Túngchou 


34 





Peking. Wan shou shan. Prov. Chihli 


End of bridge in the Summer Palace Extrémité d'un pont du Palais d'Eté 
; £ Brückenendigung im Sommerpalast 
Término de un puente en el Palacio de Verano Estremità d'un ponte nel Palazzo d'Estate 








Pass temple on the road to Jehol 


Templo en un paso del camino & Jehol 


Peking — Jehol. Prov. Chihli 


Passtempel auf dem Wege nach Jehol 


Temple au col de la route de Jéhol 


Templo sul passo del cammino à Jehol 


37 





Jehol. Pótála. Prov. Chihli 
The Lama Monastery Pótála in Jehol, View from south-east 
Das Lamakloster Pótála in Jehol. 
El Monasterio lamáico de Pótála en Jehol, visto desde el Sudeste 


Le couvent lamaique Pótála à Jéhol. Vue prise du sud-est 
Blick von Südost 


Il Convento lamaico di Poötäla di Jehol, visto dal Sudest 


38 


I Lada 


i 
SITR etere 
Par 





Jehol. Hingkung. Prov. Chihli 
In the Lama Monastery Hingkung Dans le couvent lamaïque Hingkoung 
Im Lamakloster Hingkung 


En el Monasterio lamáico de Hingkung Nel Convento lamaico di Hingkung 


wet 


AS 
ut 





Jehol. Hingkung. Prov. Chihli 


In the Lama Monastery Hingkung Dans le couvent lamaïque Hingkoung 
Im Lamakloster Hingkung 


En el Monasterio lamáico de Hingkung Nel Convento lamalco di Hingkung 


40 


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Main building in Pótála. View from south-west 


Edificio principal de Pótála, visto desde el Sudeste 


Jehol. Pótála. Prov. Chihli 


Hauptbau in Pótála. Blick von Südwest 








Bâtiment principal de Pótála. Vue prise du sud-ouest 


Edifizio principale di Pétéla, visto dal Sudest 


42 


Terraces and circular building 


Terrazas y Edificio central 


Jehol. Pu lo sze. Prov. Chihli 


Terrassen und Rundbau 





Terrasses et Rotonde 


Terrazze ed Edificio centraie 


43 





Jehol. Pú lo sze. Prov. Chihli 


Terrace in the Lama Monastery Pù lo sze Terrasse dans le couvent lamaïque Poú lo sé 


Terrasse Im Lamakloster Pu lo sze 
Terraza en el Monasterio lamäico de Pu lo sze Terraza nel Convento lamalco di Pù lo szé 


44 





Jehol. Hingkung. Prov. Chihli 


Glazed Pagoda Pagode vernissée 
Glasurpagode 


Pagoda vidriada Pagoda degli smalti 


45 


Ste A bre 





Luan ho. Prov. Chihli 
Journey from Jehol down the Luan River Descente du fleuve du Louan, en aval de Jéhol 
Reise von Jehol abwärts den Luan Fluß 


Viaje en el río Luan, agua abajo desde Jehol Viaggio sul fiume Luan, da Jehol in basso 


46 


On the Luan River 


En el río Luan 


Luan ho. Prov. Chihli 


Auf dem Luan FiuS 





Sur le fleuve du Louan 


Sul fiume Luan 


47 


Peking. Si 


Coloured giazed gate In the Western Hills near Peking 





shan. Tsfng i yúan. Prov. Chihli 


Porte vernissée en couleurs variées, dans les Montagnes d'Ouest près de Pékin 


Buntglasiertes Tor in den Westbergen bel Peking 


Puerta vidrida en colores en las Montañas al Oeste de Pekín 


Porta policroma smaltata nelle Montagne Occidentali presso Pechino 


Monastery of the Animated Mountain Summits 


Monasterio de las Cumbres animadas 


Ling yen sze. Prov. Shantung 


Kloster der beseelten Berggipfel 


7 





Couvent des Cimes animées 


Convento delle Cime animate 


49 


Ling yen sze. Lohan. Prov. Shantung 
Buddhist apostles in the Monastery of the Animated Mountain Summits 
Buddhistische Apostel 

Apóstoles budhistas en el Monasterio de las Cumbres animadas 


4 
ì 


Apótres bouddhistes au couvent 
m Kloster der beseelten Berggipfel 





des Cimes anirnees 


Apostoli budhistici nel Convento delle Cime animate 


Sc 





Ling yen sze. Prov. Shantung 

Buddhist cemetery of the Monastery Cimetière bouddhiste du couvent 
Buddhistischer Friedhof des Klosters 

Cementerio budhista del Monasterio Camposanto buddhistico del Convento 


per 


ra 
Tess. 


Tsinanfu. Ta ming hu. 
Lake of the Great Light in Tsinanfu and Mount of the 1000 Buddhas 


M 


-_ 
\ 


AN 





Tsfen fo shan. Prov. Shantung 


Lac de la Grande Splendeur à Tsinanfou et Montagne des 1000 Bouddhas 


See des GroBen Glanzes in Tsinanfu und Berg der 1000 Buddhas 


Lago del Gran Esplendor en Tsinanfu y Montafia de los 1000 Buddbas 


Lago dello Splendore Grande en Tsinanfù e Monte del 1000 Buddhi 


52 


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Tsing yang shu. Prov. Shantung 


Hall with glazed terra cotta reliefs In the Temple Salle avec reliefs en terre cuite vernissée au temple 
of the Tai shan Goddess de la déesse du Tai chan 


Halle mit glasierten Tonreliefs im Tempel der Tái shan-Góttin 


Sala con relleves de barro vidriado en e! Templo de la Diosa de Tai shan Sala con rilievi di ceramica ne! Tempio della Dea de! Tái shan 


54 





Tsing yang shu. Prov. Shantung 


Gable in the Temple of the Tai shan Goddess Fronton du temple de la déesse du Tai chan 
Giebel im Tempel der Tai shan-Góttin 
Frontón en el Templo de la Diosa de Tal shan Frontone nel Tempio delia Dea del Tai shan 


55 


Main Entrance of the Great Temple at the foot of the 
Eastern Sacred Mount Tai shan 


Táianfu. Tái miao. Prov. Shantung 





Entrée principale du Grand Temple au pied du Mont 
sacré oriental de Tài chan 


Haupteingang zum GroBen Tempel am FuBe des Óstlichen Helligen Berges Tai shan 


Entrada principal del Tempio grande al pié del 
Monte sacro de Levante 


Entrata principale del Tempio grande al piede de! 
Monte Santo Orientale 


56 


Táianfu. Tai miao. Ta tien. Prov. Shantung 
Main Hall in the Great Temple at the foot of Tài shan 


Sala principal en el Gran Templo del Tái shan 


Haupthalle im GroBen Tempel am Tái shan 





Salle principale du Grand Temple du Tai chan 


Sala principale nel Tempio grande del Tái shan 


57 


i 
y 
LI 
À 


Aas 


i 
ih i 


la 


Táianfu. Tái miao 


View of the Sacred Mount Tái shan over the Great Temple 
to the north 





Prov. Shantung 


Le Grand Temple vu d'une hauteur au sud. Au fond 
le Mont sacré de Tai chan 


Biick über den Großen Tempel nach Norden auf den Helligen Berg Tài:shan 


Mirada por encima del Gran Templo hacia Norte y el Monte Sacro 


Vista sopra il Templo grande 


verso Settentrione ed il Monte Santo 


58 


Tài shan. 


The stone stalrway leading to the summit of the Sacred Mount 


Prov. Shantung 





L'escaller de pierre conduisant au sommet du Mont sacré 


Die Stelntreppe zum Gipfel des Heiligen Berges 


La escalera de pledra conduciendo 4 la cumbre del Monte Sacro 


La scala di pietra che conduce alla cima del Monte Santo 


59 


Tài shan. Nan tien men. 


The "Southern Heavenly Gate" on the summit of the Sacred Mount 





Prov. Shantung 


La “Porte méridionale du Ciel" au sommet du Mont sacré 


Das „Südliche Himmelstor" am Gipfel des Heiligen Berges 


La “Puerta meridional del Cielo" en la cumbre dei Monte Sacro 


La "Porta Celeste del Mezzodì" nella cima del Monte Santo 


60 


The Temple of the Summit of the sacred Täi shan 


Los templos en el Pico del Santo Tai shan 





Tái shan. Prov Shantung 


Les temples sur le sommet du Mont sacré de Tai chan 


Die Tempel auf der Spitze des Helligen Tál shan 
| tempi sulla cima del santo Tai shan 


61 


Main Hall in the Temple of Confucius 


Sala principal en el Templo de Confucio 


K 


Ufu. Wen miao. Prov. Shantung 


Haupthalle im Tempel des Konfuzius 


MISE WI ve ur Nb 55 ow 9 è 





Salle principale du temple de Confucius 


Sala principale nel Tempio di Confuzio 





Gate on the way to the grave of Confucius 


Puerta en el Camino á la Tumba de Confucio 


Kufu. Prov. Shantung 


Porte sur la route conduisant au tombeau de Confucius 
Tor auf dem Wege zum Grabe des Konfuzius 
Porta nel cammino alla Tomba di Confuzio 


* 
- 
te 
. 
4 
» 
"e 
te 
“ 
te 


TELE 


Memorial Gate 


Puerta conmemorativa 


Yenchoufu. 





Pái lou. Prov. Shantung 


Gedächtnistor 


64 


Porte commémorative 


Porta commemorativa 


MAA u LS 





Yenchoufu. Prov. Shantung 
Part of a Memorial Gate. Limestone 


Tell eines Gedächtnistores aus Kalkstein 
Parte de una Puerta conmemorativa de piedra calciza 


Partie d'une porte commémorative en pierre calcaire 


Parte d'una Porta commemorativa di pietra calcarea 


65 


Bridge 


Puente 


ns. 


trattato 


A RA Te STR 


Yenchoufu. Prov Shantung 


Brúcke 





Pont 


Ponte 


66 





Bridge in the imperial Park 


Puente en el Palacio Imperial 


Jehol. Prov. Chihli 


Brücke im Kalserlichen Park 





Pont dans le parc impérial 


Ponte nel Palazzo imperiale 


67 


Journey to Wu tal shan, northern approach 


Viaje al Wu tài shan desde el Norte 


Prov. Shansi 


Reise zum Wu tál shan vom. Norden her 





Voyage au Wou-tál-chan, en venant du nord 


Viaggio al Wu tál shan dal Settentrione 


68 





Prov, 
Journey to Wu tai shan. Ascent to Pass Gate of the Great Wall 


Shansi 


Voyage au Wou-täl-chan. Montée de la porte du Grand Mur 
située au haut du col 


Reise zum Wu tal shan. Aufstieg zum Paßtor der Großen Mauer 


Viaje al Wu tai shan. Subida 4 la Puerta de paso en la Muralla grande 


Viaggio al Wu tál shan. Salita alla Porta di passo nella 
Muraglía grande 


69 





Wu tai shan. Prov. Shansi 


The Monasteries in the elevated valley of the Sacred Buddhist 
Mount of the 5 Summits 


Les couvents dans la haute vallée du Mont sacré bouddhiste 
des 5 Cimes 


Die Kióster Im Hochtal des heiligen buddhistischen Berges der 5 Kuppen 


Los monasterlos en el valle alto del Sacro Monte budhista 
de las 5 copas 


| conventi nell'alto valle del Monte santo buddhistico 
delie 5 cime 


TO 





The Great Pagoda of Sacred Relics 


La Pagoda grande de las Reliquias 


Wu täi shan. Shé li tá. Prov, Shansi 


Die Große Reliquienpagode 


La Grande Pagode aux Reliques 


La Pagoda grande delle Reliquie 


ga: 





Wu tai shan 
Buddhist Library and the Terraces at the end of the Monastery 


AM 


Hien túng sze. Prov. Shansi 
Bibliothèque bouddhiste et la terrasse à l'extrémité du couvent 


Buddhistische Bibliothek und die Terrasse am Ende des Klosters 


Biblioteca budhista y terraza final del Monasterlo 


Biblioteca buddhistica e terrazza finale del Convento 


ThE: 





Terrace of the 5 Bronze Pagodas 


Terraza de las 5 Pagodas de bronce 


Wu tái shan. Hien túng sze. Prov. Shansi 


Terrasse der 5 Bronzepagoden 


Terrasse des 5 Pagodes de bronze 


Terrazza delle 5 Pagode di bronzo 


73 





Wu tài shan. Hien túmg sze. Prov. Shansi 


Part of one of the 5 gilded bronze Pagodas Partie en bronze doré d'une des 5 Pagodes 


Teil einer der 5 Pagoden aus vergoldeter Bronze 


Parte de una de las 5 Pagodas de bronce dorado Parte d'una delle 5 Pagode di bronzo dorato 





Wu täi shan. Hien tüng sze. Prov. Shansi 


Part of one of the 5 gilded bronze Pagodas Partie en bronze cioré d'une des 5 Pagodes 


Teil einer der 5 Pagoden aus vergoldeter Bronze 
Parte de una de las 5 Pagodas de bronce dorado Parte d'una delle 5 Pagode di bronzo doratc 


, 
a AI 
Pra 7) 





Wu tái shan. Hien túng sze. Prov. Shansi 
Great Hall of Prayer Grande salle des prières 
Große Gebetshalle 
Sala gramde de las oraciones Sala grande delle orazioni 


, 


76 





Wu tái shan. Shih fang táng. Prov. Shansi 


Painted wood-carving of the Main Hall 


Bemalte Holzschnitzerel der Haupthalle 
Obra de madera entallada y pintada de la Sala principal 


Sculpture de bois peinte de ia salle principale 


Lavoro di legno Intagliato e dipinto della Sala principale 


TA 





Wu tái shan. Shih fang táng. Prov. Shansi 


art of the wall, Terra cotta Pan de mur en terre cuite 


Mauerteil aus Terrakotta 
Jetalie mural de barro cocido Dettaglio murale di terracotta 





Miao tái sze. Prov. Shensi 


Roof-ridge. Terra cotta Couronnement de toit en terre cuite 


Dachbekrónung aus Terrakotta 
Remate de barro cocido Finimento di terracotta 


79 





TaiyUanfu. Prov. Shansi 


Bronze unicorn guarding the Fen River Unicorne de bronze gardant le fleuve du Fen 


Einhorn aus Bronze bewacht den Fen-Fluß 
Monoceronte de bronce vigilando al rio Fen Unicorno di bronzo vegliando sopra Il fiume Fen 


BO 





TaiyUanfu, Ta pei sze. Prov. Shansi 


Bronze lions at the tempie entrance Lions de bronze à l'entrée du temple 


Bronzelówen am Tempeleingana 


Leones de bronce en la entrada del templo Leoni di bronzo all'entrata del templ: 


81 





Massive Hall 


Edificio sólido 


Taiyuanfu 


Shuang ta sze. 


Massive Halle 


Prov. Shansi 


Salle massive 


Sala di costruzione solida 


82 


Malin Hall of a temple group 


Sala principal de un grupo del templo 








Kin tzé. Prov. Shansi 


Haupthalle einer Tempelgruppe 


MATA 


Salle principale d'un groupe du temple 


Sala principale d'un gruppo del templo 


83 





Ground-floor of the Main Hall 


Piso bajo de la Sala principal 


Kin tzé. Prov. Shansi 


Erdgeschoß der Haupthalle 


Rez-de-chaussée de la salle principale 


Planterreno della Sala principale 


Dwelling house 


Vivienda 


4 


à. 


ween tee 


e 5 


m m ~~". 


Pr Ri SAGAR APE Eros 





Yang wu chen. Prov. Shansi 


Wohnhaus 


Maison d'habitation 


Casa da abitare 


85 





Meng chéng. Huang Ti miao. Prov. Shansi 
Salle commémorative de l'empereur Houang Ti 


Emperor Huang Ti Memorial Hall 
Gedächtnishalle des Kaisers Huang Ti 
Ti 


Sala dedicada 4 la memoria del emperador Huang Ti Sala dedicata alla memoria dell'imperatore Huang Ti 


Emperor Yao Memorial Temple, Main Hall 


Pingyangfu. Prov. Shansi 


Temple commémoratif de l'empereur Yao. 


Gedàchtnistempel des Kalsers Yac Haupthalle : 


Templo conmemorativo del emperador Yao. Sala principal 


4 
Tempio commemorativo dell'imperatore Yao. 





Salle principale 


Sala principale 


il, 


- A 


Dio Af alado cbr 





Mien shan. Yün feng sze. Prov. Shansi 


Cave Monastery In the Mien Mountains Couvent taillé dans 'e roc, dans les montagnes 
de Mien 


Hôhlenkloster im Mien-Gebirge 


cueva — monasterlo en la montaña Mien Convento di caverna nella montagna Mien 


88 





Pingyangfu. Prov. Shansi 


Défilé dans le loess 


Defile in the Loess 


Engpass im Lóss 


Passo attraverso | giacimenti di argilla 


Desfiladero á través de los yacimientos de arcilla 


89 


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90 





The Salt Lake 


El Saladar 


Kiaichou. Lutsún. Prov. Shansi 


Der Salzsee 


Le Lac salé 


i Lago salso 


91 





Kiaichou. Kuan Ti Prov. Shansi 


General Kuan Yü as War God in the temple Le général Kouan Yu en dieu de la guerre, 
of his native town dans le temple de sa ville natale 
Der Feldherr Kuan Yü als Kriegsgott im Tempel seiner Geburtsstadt 
El caudillo Kuan YG como Dios de la guerra Il generale Kuan Yd da Dio della guerra 
en el templo de su ciudad natal nel Tempio della sua città natale 


> 





Mienhien. Prov. Shensi 
General Ma Chéo in his temple Le général Ma Tcháo dans son temple 


Der Feldherr Ma Cháo. in seinem Tempel 
El caudillo Ma Cháo en su templo ll generale Ma Chao nel suo templo 








Hua yin miao. Prov Shensi 


The Western Sacred Mount Hua shan and the Great Temple at its foot Le Mont sacré occidental Houa-chan et ie Grand Temple à son pied 


Der westliche Hellige Berg Hua shan und der Große Tempel an seinem Fuß 


E! sacro monte occidenta! de Hua Shan yel Gran Templo 4 su pié Hua shan, il Monte santo di Ponente, e il Tempio grande à piè del monte 


14 


94 





Hua 
The cylinder of the Mount of the 5 Peaks; Middie and Western Peak 


shan. 


Prov. Shensi 


La montagne cylindrique aux cing pics: pointe du milieu et polnte occidentale 


Der fünfgezackte Bergzylinder: Mittel- und Westspitze 


El macizo montañoso de los 5 picos: Punta central y occidental 


lí massiccio montagnoso dalle 5 cime: Cima centrale ed occidentale 


95 








The Western Sacred Mount. 


Hua shan. Prov. Shensi 


View to north: western peak, Le Mont sacré occidental. Vue vers le nord: pointe occidentale, 


sea of clouds and plain mer de nuages et plaine 


Der westliche Heilige Berg. Blick nach Norden: Westspitze, Wolkenmeer und Ebene 


El Monte sacro del Oeste. Vista hacia el Norte: Punta del Oeste, Il monte santo di Ponente. Vista verso Il Norte: Cima occidentale, 
capa de nubes y llanura nubi e pianura 


96 


Hua shán. Pai yün. Prov. Shensi 


White clouds round the summit of the Sacred Mount 
WeiBe Wolken um die Gipfel des Helligen Berges 


Nubes blancas alrededor de las cumbres del Monte Sacro 





Nuages blancs autour des cimes du Mont Sacré 


Nubl bianche intorno alle cime del Montè Santo 


97 


North Gate of Sianfu, the Provincial Capita! 


Puerta del Norte en Sianfu, capital de provincia 








Sianfu. Pei men. Prov. Shensi 


Porte septentrionale de Slanfou, capitale de la province 


Nordtor von Sianfu, der Hauptstadt der Provinz 


Porta settentrionale di Slanfü, capltale della provincia 


98 





Main Tower of the North Gate 


Torre principali de la Puerta del Norte 


Sianfu, Pei men. Prov Shensi 


Hauptturm des Nordtores 


Tour principale de ia Porte septentrionale 


Torre principale delia Porta settentrionale 


99 


ms 
IEA" 
deb 


Front court of the Great Mosque 


Atrlo de la Mezquita grande 


Sianfu. Li pai sze. Prov. Shensi 


Vorhof der groBen Moschee 





Avant-cour de la Grande Mosquée 


Atrlo della Moschea grande 


100 


Main court of the Great Mosque 


Patio principal de la Mezquita grande 


PAR: 





Sianfu. Li pai sze. Prov. Shensi 


Haupthof der groBen Moschee 


Cour principale de la Grande Mosquée 


Cortile principale della Moschea grande 


101 





Sianfu. Ta yen té. Prov, Shensi 
Great Wild Goose Pagoda Grande Pagode de l'Oie sauvage 


GroBe Wildganspagode 
Pagoda grande de los ánsares bravos Pagoda grande delle oche salvatiche 


102 





Sianfu. Siao yen tà. Prov. Shensi 
Small Wild Goose Pagoda Petite Pagode de l'Ole sauvage 
Kleine Wildganspagode 
Pagoda pequeña de los 4nsares bravos Pagoda piccola delle oche salvatiche 


103 





Miao tái tze. Tsfn ling shan. Prov, Shensi 


Chancellor Chang Liang Memorial Temple in the 
Tsin ling Mountains 


Temple commémoratif du Chancelier Tchang Liang 
dans les Montagnes de Tsín ling 


Gedächtnistempel für den Kanzler Chang Liang im Tsín ling Gebirge 


Templo conmemorativo del canciller Chang Liang 
en la montaña de Tsín ling 


Templo commemorativo del cancelllere Chang Llang 
nella montagna di Tsín ling 


104 


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105 


Main Court of Monastery 


Patio principal del monasterio 


Miao tái tze. Prov. Shensi 


Haupthof Im Kloster 





Cour principale du couvent 


Cortile principale del convento 


106 


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107 





Miao tái tze Prov. Shensi 


Escalier de la Salnte Colline du temple 


Stairway to the Sacred Temple Hill 


Treppe zum helligen Tempelhúgel 


Scala alla collina santa del templo 


Escalera al cerro santo del templo 


108 





Wu tái shan. PÚ sa tien. Prov. Shansi. 
Entrance to Monastery Montée du couvent 


Aufgang zum Kloster 
Subida al monasterio Sallta del convento 


109 








Kuangyüanhien Wu Hou tzé. Prov. Szechüan 


Empress Wu Hou Memorial Temple 


Tempio conmemorativo de la emperatriz Wu Hou 


Gadächtnistempel der Kalserin Wu Hou 


Temple 


Templo 


commémoratif de l'impératrice Ou Heou 


commemorativo dell'imperatrice Wu Hou 


110 





Rock Buddhas over the Wu Hou Temple 


Budhas de roca encima del templo de la Wu Hou 


Kuangyúanhien. Prov. Szechuan 
Bouddhas taillés dans le roc au 


Felsenbuddhas über dem Tempel der Wu Hou 


dessus du temple de l'Impératrice Ou Heou 


Buddhi di roccia sopra il tempio della Wu Hou 


111 





Kuangyüanhien. Kia ling kiang. Tsfen fo ai. Prov. Szechúan 
Rock of the 1000 Buddhas on the banks of the Kia ling Rocher des 1000 Bouddhas au bord du Kia ling 
Felsen der 1000 Buddhas am Ufer des Kia ling 
Roca de los 1000 Budhas en la orilla del Kia ling Rupe del 1000 Buddhi nella riva del Kia ling 


112 





Chapel in the rocks of the 1000 Buddhas 


Capilla en la Roca de los 1000 Budhas 


Kuangyüanhien. Tsfen fo ai. Prov Szechúan 


Kapelle im Felsen der 1000 Buddhas 


Chapelle dans le Rocher des 1000 Bouddhas 


Cappella nella Rupe del 1000 Buddhi 


13 





Water-wheel 


Norte 


Lokianghien. Prov Szechüan 


Wasserschöpfrad 


Roue hydraulique 


Ruota Idraulica 


14 


Village 


Vista de una aldea 


Hanchou. 


Prov, 


Dorfblld 


Szechúan 





Vue d'un village 


Veduta d'un villaggio 


115 


Main Hall in the Wenshu Monastery 


Sala principal en el Monasterio de Wenshu 


& 

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Chéngtufu. Wenshu yan. Prov. Szechuan 


Haupthalle im Kloster des Wenshu 





Salle principale du Couvent de Wenchou 


Sala principale del Convento di Wenshu 


116 


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117 





Kuanhien. Prov. Szechüan 
Vue en aval du fieuve du Min sur les Montagnes de Tsing tchéng 
Blick abwärts den Min-FluB auf die Berge des Tsing chéng 


View of the Tsing chéng Mountains down the Min River 


Vista del rio Min, agua abajo, hacia las montafias de Tsfng chéng 


Veduta del fiume Min à valle, verso le montagne di Tsfng chéng 


118 





Kuanhien. Prov Szechúan 
View up the Min River. Suspension bridge and Ori Lang Temple 


Vue en amont du fleuve du Min. Pont suspendu et Temple d'Eùl Lang 


Blick aufwärts den Min-FluB. Hängebrücke und Ternpel des Órl Lang 


Vista del río Min, agua arriba. Puente colgado y Templo de Órl Lang 


Veduta del fiume Min contracqua. Ponte sospeso e Templo di Ori Lang 


119 





Suspension bridge over the Min River 


Puente colgado en el río Min 


Kuanhien.. Prov Szechúan 


Hängebrücke über den Min-FluB 


Pont suspendu sur le fleuve du Min 


Ponte sospeso sul fiume Min 


120 





Bridge-head of the suspension bridge 


Cabeza del puente colgado 


Kuanhien. Prov. Szechúan 


Brückenkopf der Hängebrücke 


Téte du pont suspendu 


Testa del ponte sospeso 


121 


Main Hall In the temple of Confucius 


Sala principal en el Templo de Confuclo 


Br Ara a, 
Pr 





Kuanhien. Wen miao. Prov. Szechúan 


Haupthalle im Tempel des Konfuzius 


Salle principale dans le Temple de Confucius 


Sala principale nel Tempio di Confuzio 


122 


Kuanhien. Fu lung kuan. 
Main Hall of LI Ping in the "Temple of the Tamed Dragon" 





Prov. Szechüan 
Salle principale de Li Ping dans le "Temple du Dragon dompté" 


Haupthalle des LI Ping Im "Tempel des gebándigten Drachen" 


Sala principal di LI Ping en el “Tempio del Dragón domado" 


Sala principale di LI Ping nel "Tempio nel Dragone domato" 


123 





Kuanhien. Örl Lang miao. Prov. Szechuan 
Entrance to the Órl Lang Temple Entrée du Temple d'Eúl Lang 
Eingang in den Tempel des Órl Lang 
Entrada ai templo de Órl Lang Entrata al templo di Orl Lang 


124 





Kuanhien. Orl Lang miao. Prov. Szechuan 
Court-Yard with Wall of Spirits Esplanade avec mur des esprits 


Vorplatz mit Geistermauer 
Atrio y Muro de los Espfritus Atrio col Muro degli Spiriti 


125 


First frontcourt of the Orl Lang Temple 


Patio primero en el Tempio de Ori Lang 


Kuanhien. Orl Lang miao. Prov. 


Erster Vorhof im Tempel des Örl 


Szechüan 


Lang 





Première avant-cour du Temple d'Eùl Lang 


Primo cortile nel Templo di Órl Lang 


126 


Second frontcourt 


Patio segundo 


Kuanhien. Orl Lang miao. 


Zweiter Vorhof 


Prov. Szechüan 





Deuxléme avant-cour 


Secondo cortile 


127 





EZRINST 


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Kuanhien. Ori Lang miao. Prov. Szechuan 


Main Hall and Incense Pagoda In the Salle principale et Pagode de l'Encens dans 
Ori Lang Temple le Temple d'Eúl Lang 
Haupthalle und Welhrauchpagode Im Tempel des Órl Lang 
Sala principal y Pagoda del Inclenso en el Sala principale e Pagoda dell'Incenso nel 
Templo de Ori Lang Templo di Ori Lang 


128 





ale 


Kuanhien. Orl Lang miao. Prov. Szechuan 
The uppermost halls of the Temple : Les halles supérieures du Temple 
Die obersten Hallen des Tempels 
Las salas superiores del Templo Le sale superlori del Tempio 


129 





. Kuanhien. Fu lung kuan Prov, Szechuan 
LI Ping's statue In the "Temple of the Statue de Li Ping dans le „Temple du 


Tamed Dragon" Dragon dompté" 
Statue des Li Ping Im „Tempel des gebändigten Drachen" 
Estatua de Li Ping en el , Templo del Statua di Li Ping nel ,Templo del 
Dragén domado" Dragone domato" 


130 





Wanhien. Wen miao. Prov. Szechlan 


Bell In the Temple of Confucius Cloche dans le Temple de Confucius 


Glocke im Tempel des Konfuzius 
Campana en el Templo de Confucio Campana nel Templo di Confuzio 


131 


Rock Chapel in the Tsfng chéng Mountains 


Capilla en una peña de los montes de Tsing chéng 


Tsfng chéng shan. 








Prov. Szechüan 


Chapelle taillée dans le roc dans les Montagnes de Tsing tchéng 


Felsenkapelle in den Bergen des Tsfng cheng 


Cappella in una roc 


ca del monti di Tsing chéng 


132 





Cave of the Morning Sun 


Cueva de! Sol de Mañana 


chéng shan. Chao yang tung. Prov. 


Héhle der Morgensonne 


Szechüan 


Grotte du Soleil levant 


Caverna del Sole del Mattino 


N 


Kuanyin Grotto in the Animated Rocks 


Gruta de Kuanyin en la Peña Animada 


CR 


DR I 
AR 





Kuanhien. Ling yen sze. Prov. Szechüan 


Grotte der Kuanyin im Beseelten Felsen 


Grotte de Kouanyin dans le Rocher animé 


Grotta della Kuanyin nella Rupe Animata 


134 





Main Hall of the Monastery 


Sala principal del monasterio 


Tsfng chéng shan. San tsfng kung. 


Haupthalle des Klosters 


Prov. 


Szechüan 


Halle principale du couvent 


Sala principale dei convento 


135 








Tsfng chéng shan. Prov. Szechúan 


Hall of the Celestial Queen Halle de la Reine du Ciel 
Halle der Himmelskönigin 
Sala de la Reina del Cielo Sala della Regina del Cielo 


— 
w 
o 





Yachoufu. Kin feng sze. Prov. Szechüan 


Tomb Pagoda in the “Golden Summit Monastery" Pagode funérafre dans le ,Couvent de la Cime d'or" 
Grabpagode im „Kloster des Goldenen Gipfels" 
Pagoda sepulcral en el ,Monasterio de la Pagoda sepolcrale nel «Convento della 
Cumbre dorada" Cima d'Oro" 


337 


Priests’ tombs In the 


Tumb 


as de s 


acer 


dotes en el 


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Yachoufu. Kin feng sze. Prov Szechúan 


Tombeaux de prêtres dans le ,Couvent de la Cime d'or" 


Golden Summit Monastery" 


Priestergráber im ,Kloster des Goldenen 


Aonasterio de la Cumbre dorada" 


Gipfels" 


Tombe di sacerdoti nel „Convento della Cima d'Oro" 


138 


TTT 


dna 





Yachoufu. Prov Szechüan i ! 


Family tomb Tombeau de famille 
Famlliengrab 
Sepultura de familia Sepolcro di famiglia 


139 





View up the Ya River 


Vista del rlo Ya, agua arriba 








Yachoufu. Ya kiang. Prov. Szechúan 


Blick aufwárts den Ya-FluB 








Vue en amont de la rivière de Ya 


Veduta del fiume Ya, contracqua 


140 


View down the Ya River 


Visto del río Ya, agua abajo 


, 


Yachoufu. Ya kiang. Prov. Szechúan 


Blick abwärts den Ya-FluB 





Vue en aval de la rivière d'Ya 


Veduta del fiume de Ya, a valle 


141 


Bridge In the Town 


Puente en la ciudad 


Yachoufu. Prov. Szechüan 


Brùcke in der Stadt 





Pont dans la ville 


Ponte nella città 


142 


The Pan pien 


Monastery on the Min River 


El monasterlo de Pan Pien en el río Min 


Süchoufu Pan pien sze. Prov, Szechuan 


Das Pan pien Kloster am Min-FluB 


Le Couvent de Pan pien sur le fleuve 


Il Convento di Pan pien sul fiume 





Min 


Min 


143 


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O mi shan. Tsfng yin ko. Prov. Szechúan 


The Buddhist Sacred Mount O mi. La montagne sacrée bouddhique O mi. 
Hermitage of Pure Sound Ermitage du son pur 
Der buddhlstische Heillge Berg O mi. +: Klause des relnen Klanges 
El sacro monte budhista de O mi. ll monte santo buddhistico di O mi. 
Ermita del Sonido Puro Eremo del Suono Puro 


144 





O mi shan. Wan nien sze. Prov Szechuan 


Pagoda.of Rellcs in the “Monastery of Eternity" Pagode des reliques dans le ,Couvent de l'Eternité 


Reliquien-Pagode im „Kloster der Ewigkeit" 


Pagoda de las Reliquias en el ,Monasterio Pagoda delle Reliquie nel ,Convento 
de la Eternidad" dell'Eternità" 


145 


MN 





O mi shan Kin ting. Prov Szechúan 


Monastery buildings on the “Golden Summit", tiie highest peak Bâtiment du couvent sur la „Cime d'Or", le plus haut sommet 
of the Sacred Mount O mi de la montagne sacrée O mi 


Klostergebáude auf dem „Goldenen Gipfel" der höchsten Spitze des Heiligen Berges O mi 


Edificios monästicos en la „Cumbre dorada", la mäs alta de las Edifizi monastici sulla ,Cima d'Oro", più alta elevazione del 
del Monte sacro de O mi Monte santo O mi 


146 





O mi shan. Kin ting. Prov. Szechüan 


The "Golden Summit", highest peak of the mountain with Its La ,Cime d'Or", le sommet le plus élevé de la montagne O mi 
precipitous descent in a sea of clouds près du versant escarpé, dans la mer de nuages 


Der „Goldene Gipfel", die höchste Spitze des Berges, am Stellabfall im Nebelmeer 


La „Cumbre dorada", la más alta del monte, por el lado del tajo, Declivio della ,Cima d'Oro", la più alta del monte, velata 
en una capa de nieblas dalla nebbia 


147 


O mi shan. Kin ting. Prov. Szechuan 


Mummified abbot as a statue in a monastery on the Momie d'un abbé servant de statue, dans un couvent sur 
“Golden Summit" of the Sacred Mount O mi la „Cime d'Or" de la montagiie sacrée O mi 


Mumifizierter Abt als Statue in einem Kloster auf dem „Goldenen Gipfel" des Heiligen Berges O mi 


Abad momificado como estatua en un monasterio Abbate mummificato da statua in un convento sulla 
en la „Cumbre dorada" del monte sacro de O mi «Cima d'Oro" del monte santo O mi 








O mi shan. Kin ting. Púhien pú sa. Prov. Szechuan 


The Bodhisatva Puhien, the tutelary deity of the Sacred Le bodhisatva Pouhien, dieu tutélaire de la montagne 
Mount, on his elephant, in a monastery on the sacrée, sur son éléphant, dans un couvent de la 
“Golden Summit" «Cime d'Or" 


Der Bodhisatva Puhien, die Schutzgottheit des Heiligen Berges, auf seinem Elefanten 
in einem Kloster auf dem „Goldenen Gipfel" 


El bodhisatva Puhien, divinidad protectora del Monte sacro, ll bodhisatva Puhien, divinità protettrice del Monie 
montado en su elefante, en un monasterio de la santo, sul elefante, in un convento della 
«Cumbre dorada" ¿Cima d'Oro" 


Us 





Kiatingfu. Prov. Szechüan 


The town of Kiating at the junction of the rivers Min, Tung and Ya 
View towards the south 


La ville de Klating, au confluent des rivières Min, Toung et Y 
Vue vers le sud 


Die Stadt Klating an der Vereinigung der Flússe Min, Tung und Ya. Blick nach Süden 


La cludad de Kiating en la confluencla de los rios Min, Tung é Ya 
Vista hacla el Sur 


La città di Kiating, alla riunione del fiumi Min, Tung e Y 
Veduta verso mezzoglorno 


(O 


View from the town up the Min River 


Vista del río Min desde la cludad, agua arriba 


Súchoufou. Prov. Szechuan 


Blick von der Stadt aufwárts den Min FluB 





Vue de la rivière Min, en amont de la ville 


Veduta del fiume Min, dalla città in sù 


151 





Prov. Szechúan 


Hanchou. 


Autel au bord de la route 


Roadside altar 


Wegaltar 


Altare sul cammino 


Altar en el camino 


152 





Kiungchou. Prov. Szechúan 


Village Scène villageoise 
Dorfbild 


Vista de una aldea E Veduta d'un villaggio 


153 


In the Tsfng chéng Mountains 


En las montañas de Tsfng chéng 


Tsing chéng shan. Prov. 


In.den Bergen des Tsing 


Szechuan 





Dans les montagnes de Tsing tchéng 


Nelle montagne di Tsing chéng 


154 


Landscape 


Paisaje 


Luchou - Tzeliutsing. Prov 


Landschaft 


Szechüan 





Paysage 


Paesaggio 


155 





Roadside altar 


Altar en el camino 


Luchou - Tzeliutsing. Prov. Szechüan 


Wegaltar 


Autel au bord de la route 


Altare sul cammino 


156 





Memorial gates on the road 5 


Puertas conmemorativas en el camino 


| 





we 


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Luchou - Tzeliutsing. Prov. Szechuan 


Gedächtnisiore auf dem Wege 


3 AAA AA 





Portes commémoratives sur la route 


Porte commemorative sul cammino 


157 


Salt boats in the industrial district of the salt-wells 





Tzeliutsing. Prov. Szechúan 


Bateaux servant au transport du sel dans le district des puits salants 


Salzboote im Industriebezirk der Saizbrunnen 


Botes con sal en el distrito industrial de los pozos de sal 


Battelli con sale nel distritto industriale delle fonti salifere 


158 


The Industrial district of the salt-wells 


El distrito Industrial de los pozos de sal 


Tzeliutsing Prov. Szechüan 


Der Industriebezirk der Salzbrunnen 





Le district industriel des puits salants 


Il distritto industriale delle fonti salifere 


159 


Shans! Provincial Club. Main Court with hall 


freulo de los Palsanos de 


Tzeliutsing. Shansi hui kuan. Prov. 


pes 


Pm nora") “street 





Szechúan 


Club des compatriotes de la province de Chansi. Cour principale avec salle 


Klub der Landsleute aus der Provinz Shansi. Haupthof mit Halle 


la provincia de Shansl: 


Patlo principal con sala 


Casino del compatriotti della provincia di Shansi: 
Cortile principale e sala 


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Tzeliutsing. Shansi hui kuan. Prov Szechúan 


Shansi Provincial Club. Stage over entrance Club de Chansl. 


Círculo de Shansi. 


Shansi-Klub. Theaterbúhne über dem Eingang 





Scène d'un théâtre au-dessus de l'entrée 


Escenarlo encima de la entrada Casino di Shansi. Palco scenico sopra l'entrata 


161 





Chüngkingfu. Prov. Szechüan 
Alley in the town of Chungking Ruelle dans la ville de Tchöngking 
Gasse in der Stadt Chüngkfng 
Calle en la ciudad de Chüngkfng Via nella città di Chüngking 


162 





Chüngkfngfu. Prov. Szechüan 


House-door in the alley, ornamented with Entrée de maison dans la ruelle. Ornement en 
glazed porcelain mosaïque de porcelaine 


Hauseingang in der Gasse. Schmuck aus Porzellanstücken 
Entrada de una casa. Decoracién de porcelana Entrata d'una casa. Decorazione in porcellana 


163 





Fengtuhien. Wang mu tien. Prov. Szechuan 


Entrance to the Temple of the Maternal Goddess Entrée du temple de la Déesse maternelle 
Eingang zum Tempel der mütterlichen Göttin 
Entrada del templo de la Diosa materna Entrata del tempio della Dea materna 





Tzeliutsing-Fushunhien. Yú wang kung. Prov. Szechüan 


Entrance to the Emperor Yù's Temple In the Entrée du temple de l'empereur Yu, dans le 
village of Yuentán village de Yuentán 
Glazed porcelaln ornamentation Ornement en mosaïque de porcelaine 
Eingang in den Tempel des Kaisers YU im Dorfe Yuentán. Schmuck aus Porzellanstúcken 
Entrada del templo del Emperador Yü en la Entrata del tempio dell'Imperatore Yù nel 
aldea de Yüentän: villaggio di Yùentàn 
Decoracién de porcelana Decorazione in porcellana 


165 





Wanhien. Prov, Szechüan 


Gate of a fortifled village Porte d'un village fortifié dans la montagne 
Tor eines befestigten Bergdorfes 
Puerta de un pueblo montañoso fortificado Porta d'un villaggio fortificato neile montagne 


166 





Chüngkingfu. Lao kùn tung. Prov. Szechúan 
Gate of the Cave Temple of the Primeval Spirit Porte de la grotte-temple de l'Esprit incréé 


Tor zum Hóhlentempel des Urgeistes 
Puerta al templo-cueva del Espfritu increado Porta alla grotta sacrale dello Spirito primigenio 


167 





Wanhien. Chén kung tung. Prov. Szechüan 


Entrance to the Cave Temple of Lord Chén Entrée de la grotte-temple du seigneur Tchén 


Eingang in den Hóhlentempel des Herrn Chén 
Entrada al templo-cueva del Señor Chén Entrata al templo grottoso del Signore Chén 


168 


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ngfu. Prov. Szechuan 


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Porte d'une maison d'habitation 


house 


Door of a dwelling 


Tür eines Wohnhauses 


Porta d'una casa da abitare 


Puerta de una vivienda 


169 


The town of Kueichou on the Yangtze 


La ciudad de Kueichou en el rio Yangtze 


A tiene 





Kueichoufu. Prov. Szechuan 


Die Stadt Kuelchou am Yangtze 


La ville de Koeitcheou sur le Yangtze 


La città di Kueichou sul Yangtze 


170 





Shih pao chai. 
Village and Sacred Rock on the banks of the Yangtze 


Wan yin 


shan. Prov Szechüan 
Village et rocher sacré sur le bord du Yangtze 


Dorf und helliger Felsen am Ufer des Yangtze 


Aldea y roca sagrada en la orilla del Yang tze 


Villagio e rocca sacra sulla riva del Yang tze 


DIE fe 





Wanhien. Kiao ting shan. Prov. Szechuan 
Grave on the siopes of Klao ting Hill near Wanhien 


Sepulcro al pié de! monte Klao ting cerca de Wanhien 


Tombeau sur la montagne de Kiao ting, près de Wanhien 
Grab am Kiao ting Berg bei Wanhien 
Sepolcro al piede del monte Kiao ting presso Wanhien 


172 





Wanhien. Kiao ting shan. Prov. Szechüan 
La montagne du "Bouton de Palancjuln" avec ses tombeaux 


Mountain of the "Sedan-Chalr Knob" with graves 


El Monte del "Pomo de Litera" con sus tumbas 


Der Berg des "Sànften-Knopfes" mit Gráberanlagen 
il Monte del "Pomo di Lettighera" colle sue tombe 


173 


ri 
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Wanhien. 


Forecourt with pond and dragon bridge in the Temple of 
Confucius in Wanhien 





Wen miao. 


mens die et n A 


Prov. Szechüan 


Avant-cour avec étang et pont de dragons dans le temple de 
Confucius à Wanhlen 


Vorhof mit Teich und Drachenbrücke Im Tempel des Konfuzius in Wanhien 


Atrio con estanque y Puente de los Dragones en el Templo de 
Confucio en Wanhien 


Atrio con stagno e Ponte del Dragoni nel templo di 
Confuzio a Wanhien 


174 


ya 


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Wanhien. Wen miao. prov. Szechüan 
Main hall and bell tower In the Temple of Confucius Salle principale et clocher dans ie temple de Confucius 
Haupthalle und Glockenturm Im Tempel des Konfuzlus 
Sala principal y campanarlo en el templo de Confucio Sala principale e campanile nel templo di Confuzio 


175 





Wanhien. Huan hou kung. Prov. Szechüan 


General Chang Fels Memorial Temple on the high banks Temple commémoratif du général Tchang Fei sur le bord 
of the Yangtze escarpé du Yangtze 
Gedáchtnistempel für den Feldherrn Chang Fei auf dem hohen Ufer des Yangtze 
Tempio conmemorativo del candilio Chang Fei en la orilla Tempio commemorativo del gADArale Chang Fei sulla riva 
alta dei Yangtze alta del Yangtze 


176 





Wanhien. Huan hou kung. Prov Szechúan 
Porcelaln roof-ridge in General Chang Fei's Memorial Temple 


Couronnement en mosaïque de porcelaine d'un faite dans le temple 
commémoratif du général Tchang Fei 


Firstbekrénung aus Porzellanstücken im Gedàchtnistempel des Feldherrn Chang Fei 


Remate de porcelana en el tempio conmemorativo del 
caudillo Chang Fel > 


Finimento di tetto in porcellana nei tempio commemorativo del 
generale Chang Fel 


177 


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Wanhien. Huan hou kung. Prov. Szechúan 


Stage in General Chang Feiïs Memoriai Temple 


Scène d'un théâtre dans le temple commémoratif du général Chang Fei 


Theaterbühne Im Gedáchtnistempel des Feldherrn Chang Fel 


Escenario en el templo conmemorativo del caudillo Chang Fel 


Palco scenico nel templo commemorativo del generale Chang Fel 


178 


Stage In a club house 


Escenario en el edificio de un círculo 





Luchou-Tzeliutsing. Nan hua kung. 


eae or 


Prov. Szechuan 
Scène d'un théâtre dans un bâtiment de club 


Theaterbühne in einem Klubgebäude 


Palco scenico in un casino 


179 





The Bellows Gorge below Küeichoufu 


Yangtzekiang. Feng siang kóu, Prov. Szechuan 


View up stream La Gorge du Soufflet en aval de Kóeltcheoufou. Vue en amont du fleuve 


Die Blasebalgschlucht unterhalb Küelchoufu. Blick aufwärts den Strom 


El Desfiladero de! Fuelle pasado Kuelchoufu. Vista agua arriba ii Borro del Soffietto presso Kúeichoufu. Veduta del fiume contr'acqua 


180 


The Bellows Gorge 


Et Desfiladero del Fuelle 


Yangtzekiang. Feng siang kóu. Prov. Szechúan 


Die Blasebalgschlucht 





La Gorge du Soufflet 


Il Borro del Soffietto 


181 


The Bellows Gorge 


El Desfiladero del Fuelle 


Yangtzekiang. 


Feng siang kóu. Prov. Szechuan 


Die Blasebalgschlucht 





La Gorge du Soufflet 


Il Borra del Soffietto 


182 


The Bellows Gorge. View down stream 


El Desflladero del Fuelle. Vista agua abajo 





Yangtzekiang. Feng siang kéu. Prov. Szechuan 
La Gorge du Soufflet. Vue en aval du fleuve 


Die Blasebalgschlucht. Blick abwärts den Strom 
Il Borro del Soffietto. Veduta del fiume a valle 


183 


Cc 


Ichängfu. Lung wang tuna. 


ave Temple of the Oragon King opposite the Brush 
Holder Mountain near Ichang 


Hóhlentempel des Drachenkónigs gsgenüber dem 


empio-cueva del Rey de los Dragones frente a! Monte dei 


Guardabrochas cerca de Ichang 


Prov. Hupei 


Grotte-Temple du Rol des Dragons, 
du Porte-Pinceau près 


Pinse!halter-Berg bel Ichäng 





en face la montagne 
d'itchang 


Tempio grottoso de! Re dei Dragoni di faccia al Monte de! 


Guardapennelli presso 


Ichang 


184 





Ichängfu. 


The Brush Holder Mountain opposite the Cave Temple 
of the Dragon King 


Pi kia shan. Prov. Hupei 


La montagne du Porte-Pinceau, en face de la grotte-temple 
du Rol des Dragons 


Der Pinseihalter-Berg gegenüber dem Höhlertempei des Drachenkónigs 


Ei mente dei Guardabrochas frente al tempio-cueva 
dei Rey de los Dragones 


li monte dei Guardapennelli di faccia al templo grottoso 
del Re dei Dragoni 


185 





Ichängfu. Lung wang tung. Prov. Hupei 


Gate Hall in the Temple of the Dragon King Entrée de la grotte-temple du Rol des Dragons 
Torhalle im Hóhlentempel des Drachenkènigs 
Sala de entrada del templo-cueva del Rey Sala del portone nel tempio grottoso 
de los Dragones del Re dei Dragoni 


186 





Ichängfu. Lingkuan tien. Prov. Hupei 


Entrance to Lingkuan's temple Entrée d'un temple de Lingkouan 
Eingang in einen Tempel des Lingkuan 
Entrada de un templo de Lingkuan Entrata d'un tempio di Lingkuan 


187 





On Lake Tung ting 


En e! lago Tung ting 


Tung ting hu. Prov. Hunan 


Auf dem Tung ting-See 


Sur le lac Toung ting 


Sul lago Tung ting 


188 


Mouth of the Siang River 


Entrando en el río Siang 


Tung ting hu. Siang kiang. Prov. Human 


Einfahrt in den Siang-FluB 





Entrée de la rivière du Siang 


Entrata del fiume Siang 


189 





Tzeliutsing. Shansi hui kuan. Prov. Szechüan 


interior court with side-entrance and flag-staff In the Shans! Club 


Cour intérieure avec entrée latérale et mât de pavillon dans le Club Shansi 


inmenhof mit Selteneingang und Flaggenmast im Shansi-Kiub 


Patio con entrada latera! y palo de banderas en el Círculo de Shans! 


Cortile con entrata laterale ed albero delle bandiere ne! Casino di Shans! 


190 





Chángshafu. Tso Wensiang tzé. YU pei ting. Prov. Hunan 


Memorial tablet as spirit wall in the Temple for the Statesman Plague votive servant de protection contre les mauvais esprits, dans le temple 
Tso in the town of Chángsha commémoratif de l'homme d'Etat Tsou dans la ville de Tchängcha 


Inschrifttafel als Gelstermauer im Gedächtnistempel für den Staatsmann Tso In der Stadt Chángsha 


Lápida eplgráfica contra los malos espíritus en el templo conmemo- iscrizione lapidaria eretta contro spiriti mali ne! tempio commemorativo 
rativo del ministro Tso en la ciudad de Chargsha del ministro Tso nella città di Changsha 


191 





Sala principal en el Tempio del 





Changshafu. Wencháng kung: Prov. Hunan 
Main Hall in the tempie for the God of Literature Salie principale dans le temple du Dieu de la Littérature 
Haupthalie im Tempei für den Gott der Literatur 


Dios del las Letras Sala principale nei Tempio dei Dio delle Lettere 


192 


© 





Changshafu. Chén kia tzé tang. Prov. Hunan 


Ancestral Temple of the Chén family. Main court with bell tower Temple des ancêtres de la famille Tchén. Cour principale avec clocher 


Ahnentempel der Familie Chén. Haupthof mit Glockenturm 


Ternplo de los antepasados de la familia Chén. Patio principal Templo degli avi della famiglia Chén. Cortile principale 
con el campanarlo col campanile 





Chángshafu. Chén kia tzé táng. Prov. Hunan 


Ancestral Temple of the Chén family. Bell tower Temple des ancêtres de la famille Tchén. Clocher 
in the main court dans la cour principale 


Ahnentempel der Familie Chén. Glockenturm im Haupthof 


ampio de los antepasados de la Familia Chen. Tempio degli avi della famiglia Chén. Campanile 
Campanario en el patio principal del cortile principale 


194 


Entrance to the Memorial Temple 


Entrada de un templo conmemorativo 


4 


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Lilinghien. Prov. Hunan 


Eingang In einen Gedáchtnistempel 


195 





Entrée d'un temple commémoratif 


Entrata d'un templo commemorativo 





Heng shan. Nan yüo miao.. Prov. Hunan 
Grand temple au pied de la montagne sacrée méridionale de Heng 
Partie de la salle principale 


Great Temple at the southern Sacred Mount Heng 


Part of the main hall 

Großer Tempel am Fuß des südlichen Helligen Berges Heng. Teil der Haupthalle 

Gran Templo al pie del Monte sacro meridiona! de Heng Tempio grande a piè del Monte santo meridionale di Heng 
Parte della sala principale 


Parte de la sala principal 


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Heng shan. 
Great Temple at foot of the southern Sacred Mount Heng 
Main ball 


Nan yüo miao. Prov. Hunan 


Gran templo al pie del Monte sacro meridional de Heng 
Sala principal 


Salle principala 
Großer Tempel am Fuß des südlichen Helligen Berges Heng. Haupthalle 


Grand temple au pied de la montagne sacrée méridionale de Heng 


Tempio grande a piè del Monte santo meridionale di Heng 
Sala principale 








Bridge 


Puente 


Lilinghien. Prov. 


Brúcke 


Hunan 


Siang River and temple 


Río Siang y Templo 


Hengchoufu. Prov. Hunan 


Siang-FluB und Tempel 





Fleuve du Slang et temple 


Fiume Slang e Templo 


199 





Lilinghien. Prov. Hunan 


Memorial Gate Porte commémorative 
Gedáchtnistor 
Puerta conmemorativa Porta commemorativa 


ANS DM prio 


A 





Chángshafu. Fu sheng miao. Prov. Hunan 
main altar in the Great Ternple of Confucius Autel principal dans le Grand Temple de Confuclus 
Hauptaltar Im großen Tempel für Konfuzius 
Altar mayor en el gran Templo de Confuclo Altare maggiore nel Tempio grande di Confuzio 


201 





Hunan 


Prov 


Hengchoufu 


Ruelle 


Alley 


Gasse 


Via 


Calle 





Prov. Hunan 


House entrance Entrée de maison 
Hauseingana 
Entrada de una casa Entrata d'una casa 


202 


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204 





Lilinghien. Tzé táng. Wencháng lou. 


Family temple and town tower of the God of Literature 











Prov. Hunan 
Temple de famille et tour urbaine du Dieu de la Littérature 


Familientempel und Stadtturm des Gottes der Literatur 


Templo de familia y Torre municipal del Dios de las Letras 


Tempio famillare e Torre municipale del Dio delle Lettere 


205 


Wayside altar 


Altar en el camino 


Am: 


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Prov. Kuangsi 


Wegaltar 


Autel au bord de la route 


Altare sul cammino 


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Prov. Kuangsi 
Wayside grave Tombeau au bord de la route 
Grab am Wege 


Tumba en el camino Tomba su! cammino 


207 


Country road and memorial gate 


Carretera y puerta conmemorativa 


Prov. Kuangsi 


LandstraBe und Gedáchtnistor 





Grand'route et porte commémorative 


Strada e porta commemorativa 


208 


On the journey 


En al viaje 


Prov. Kuangsi 


Auf der Reise 





En voyage 


YW viaggio 





209 





Conic mountains to the north of Kueilinfu 


Montes cónicos al Norte de Kuellinfu 


Prov. Kuangsi 


Kegelberge nördlich von Kuellinfu 


Montagnes coniques au nord de Koellinfou 


Monti conici al settentrione di Kueilinfu 


210 


Kuellin, the provincial capital. View to the east 


Kuellin, capital de la provincia. Vista hacia Este 





Kueilinfu. Prov. Kuangsi 


Kuellin, die Hauptstadt der Provinz. 


Koeilln, capitale de la province. Vue vers l'est 
Blick nach Osten 


Kuellin, capitale della provincia. Veduta verso Oriente 


211 


Kueilin, the provincial capital 


Kueilinfu. Prov, Kuangsi 


View to the north-west 


Koellin, capitale de la province 


Kuellin, die Hauptstadt der Provinz. Blick nach Nerdwest 


Kuellin, capital de la provincia. Vista hacia Nordeste 





Vue vers la nord-ouest 


Kuellin, capitaln della provincia. Veduta verso ii Nordoveste 


212 


Bridge at the “Grotto of the 7 Stars" 


Puente a la "Cueva de las 7 Estrellas" 


Kueilinfu. Ki sing tung. Prov. Kuangsi 


Brücke an der „Höhle der 7 Sterne" 





Pont près de la “Grotte des 7 Etolles" 


Ponte alla “Grotta delle 7 Stelle" 


D 


212 





Kueilinfu. 


Fuchou Provincial Club. Entrance 


Fuchou hui kuan. Prov Kuangsi 


Club des compatriotes de Foutcheou. Esplanade 


Klub der Landsleute aus Fuchou. Vorplatz 


Esplanada del Circulo de los compatrlotas de Fuchou 


Splanata del Casino dei compatriotti di Fuchou 


214 





Kueilinfu. Ku tá. Prov. Kuangsi 


Ancient pagoda Vieille pagode 
Alte Pagoda 
Antigua Pagoda Pagoda vecchla 


215 


Kuel River, 


El río Kuel. 


Circus of rocks 


Un circo de rocas 


Kuei kiang. Prov. Kuangsi 


Kuel-FluB. Eln Zirkus aus Felsen 





La rivière du Koel. Cirque de rochers 


Il fiume Kueie. Un circo di rocche 


ZIE 


Kuei River, 


ll rio Kuel. 


Boats alongside 


Botes en la orllla 


the banks 


ere bo 


Kuei kiang. Prov. Kuangsi 


Kuel-FluB. Boote am Ufer 


La rivière du Koei. 





Canots près du bord 


Il fiume Kuei. Battelll nella riva 


217 


Town of Pínglo on the Kuel River, 


Ciudad de Pínalo en el río Kuel. 


Canton Club 


Circulo cantonés 


Pinglofu. Prov. Kuangsi 


Stadt Pinglo am Kuel-FluB, Canton-Klub 





La ville de Pínglo sur le Koel. Club de Canton 


Città di Pfnglo sul fiume Kuei. Casino cantonese 


218 


"on a 
La 


Memorial Gate and glimpse of the West River 


Puerta conmemorativa y vista del Río de Occidente 





Das 


Wuchoufu. Prov. Kuangsi 


Gedáchtnistor und Blick auf den WestfluB 


ERI 





Porte commémorative et vue sur la rivière occidentale 


Porta commemorativa e veduta del Fiume di Ponente 


219 





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Prov. Kuangs 


Wuchoufi 


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Encens: 


Bronze censer 


Bronze 


Welhrauchbecken au 


bronzc 


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Bacino da incenso, 


Fuente para Incienso, de bronce 


eat 





Wuchoufu. Prov. Kuangsi 


3ronze censer Encensoir en bronze 
Welhrauchbecken aus Bronze 
uente para inclenso. de bronces Sacino da incenso, di bronzo 
e 


221 


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Kuangchou. Chén kia tzé táng. Prov. Kuangtung 


Canton, capital of the province. Ancestral temple of the 
Chen Family. Street frontage 


Canton, Hauptstadt der Provinz. 


Canton, capital de la provincia. Templo gentilicio de la 
Familia Chén. Fachada de la calle 


Canton, capitale de la province. Temple des ancétres de la 
famille Tchén. Fagade sur la rue 


Ahnentempel der Familie Chén, Straßenfront 


Canton, capitale della provincia. Tempio gentilizio della 
Famiglia Chén, Facciata della via 


222 


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Kuangchou. Prov. Kuangtung. 
Canton. Temple of the God of Medicine. Rellefs in main court Canton. Temple du Dieu de la Médecine 
Canton. Tempel für den Gott der Medizin. Reliefs Im Haupthof 


Rellefs dans la cour 


Cantón. Templo del Dios de la Medicina. Relleves en el patio principal Canton, Tampio del Dio della Medicina. Riiiavi nal Cortile 





principale 


prlprinala 


Tempie for the God of Medicine, 


Templo del Dios de la Medicina. 


Roof-ridge: 


Kuangchou, 


Dragons and pearl 


Remate del techo Dragones y Perla 


Prov. Kuangtung 
Temple du Dieu de la Médecine, Faîte: 


Tempel für den Gott der Medizin, Dachfirst: Drachen und Perle 
Tempio de! Dio della Medicina 


Finimento del tetto: 





Dragons et perle 


Dragone e Perla 


225 


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Kuangtung 
Porte donnant sur la rue, dans le temple 


Chén kia tzé tàng. Prov. 


Kuangchou. 


de la famille des Tchén 


Canton, 
Canton. StraBenpforte zum Familientempel der Chen 


Side entrance to the Chén Family temple 


Canton. 


Portello del Tempio gentilizio dei Chén 


Canton. 


Postigo del Templo gentilicio de los Chen 


Cantón. 


226 


Kuangchou. 
Main hall and altars in the Chén Family temple 


Chén kia tzé táng 





Prov. Kuangtung 


Salle principale et autels dans le temple de la famille des Tchén 


Haupthalle und Altáre im Familientempel der Chén 


Sala principal y altares en el Templo gentilicio de los Chén 


Sala principale e altari nel Tempio gentilizio del Chén 


Dan 





Kuangchou. Li pai sze. Prov. Kuangtung 





Canton, Interior of the Great Mosque Canton. Intérieur de la Grande Mosquée 
Canton. Innenraum der GroBen Moschee 
amtón. Interior de la Mezquita mayor Canton. Interiore della Moschea grande 
er 


cd 


Sacred niche in the Great Mosque 


Nicho sagrado en la Mezquita mayor 


N 


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SMALL EE LAN GA 


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# 
và 


Kuangchou. Li pai sze. Prov Kuangtung 


Heilige Nische In der Großen Moschee 


Niche sacrée dans la Grande Mosqu&e 


Nicchia sacra nella Moschea grande 


O) 
A 
al 


Sc 


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Canton. 


Cantón 


Hai túmg sze. Prov, Kuangtun 
Pagode de marbre dans le “Couvent de la 
Banniére de la Mer" 


Kuangchou. 


Marble pagoda In the "Monastery of 
the Sea Banner" 
Canton. 
Pagoda de marmol en el ,Monasterlo 
de la Bandera de Mar" 


Canton. 


Marmorpagode Im „Kloster des Meeresbanners" 
Canton. Pagoda di marmo nel , Convento della 


Bandiera marittima" 


9) 
(09) 
O 





Kuangchou. Chen hai wu tseng lou. Prov. Kuangtung 
"Sea Tamer" tower on the North Hill in Canton La tour dite “Dompteur de la Mer" sur la colline 
i nord à Canton 
Der Turmbau ,Bàndiger des Meeres" auf dem Nordhügel in Canton 


La torre del „Domador del Mar" en el Cerro La torre del ,Domatore del Mare" sulla Collina 
del Norte en Cantén Settentrionale a Canton 


231 


Kuangchou. Yüeh siu shan, 


The North Hill of Canton with the Kuanyin tower and temple. 
In front of the town a mosque 





Kuanyin shan. Prov. Kuangtung. 


La colline nord a Canton, avec tour et temple de Kouanyin. 


Mosquée devant la ville 


Der Nordhügel von Canton mit Turmbau und Tempel der Kuanyin. Vor der Stadt eine Mosches 


Ei Cerro del Norte en Cantön, con la Torre y ei Templo de la Kuanyin 
Fuera de la ciudad una mezquita 


La collina Settentrionale a Canton, colla Torre ed il Tempio della 
Kuanyin. Fuori le mura uma moschea 


232 


ttt nn zo 


CELAZEITÀ 


Kuangchou. Kuanyin shan. Prov. Kuangtung 


View from the North Tower of the north wall of the town and Kuanyin hill Vue du haut de la tour septentrionale sur le mur septentrional de la 
| ville et la colline de Kouanyin 
Blick vom Nordturm auf die Nordmauer der Stadt und den Hügel der Kuanyin 
Vista desde la torre del Norte por la Muralla de la ciudad hacia el Veduta dalla Torre Settentrionale sulla Muraglia della Città e la 
Cerro de Kuanyin Collina della Kuanyin 








Kuangchou. Pai yùn shan. Prov. Kuangtung 


Numerous graves In the hills north of Canton. View to north. 
Mountain of the White Clouds 


Zahllose Gräber In den Nordbergen vor Canton 


Sinnúmero de Tumbas en las Montañas del Norte cerca de Cantón 
Vista hacia Norte y el Monte*de las Nubes blancds 


Innombrables tombeaux dans les montagnes au nord de Canton. Vue 
vers le nord sur la Montagne des Nuages blancs 


Blick nach Norden auf den Berg der Welßen Wolken 


Tombe innumerevoli nelle Montagne Settentrionali presso Canton 
Veduta verso Il Norte col Monte delle Nubi bianche 


234 





Kuangchou. Pai yún shan. Prov. Kuangtung 


Numerous graves in the north of Canton. View to south innombrables tombeaux dans les montagnes au nord de Canton. Vue vers le 


Town, plain, and West River 
Zahllose Gräber In den Nordbergen vor Canton 


Sinnúmero de tumbas en las Montañas del Norte cerca de Cantón. 
Vista hacia el Sur: la cludad, la llanura y el Río del Oeste 


sud sur la ville, la plaine et la rivière occidentale 
Blick nach Süden auf Stadt, Ebene und Westfluß 


Tombe innumerevoli nelle Montagne settenrionali presso Canton. Veduta 
verso mezzogiorno sulla città, la pianura ed il Fiume di Ponente 


235 





Kuangchou. Pai yùn shan. Prov. Kuangtung 


Numerous graves in the hills north of Canton. Mountain of the Innombrables tombeaux dans les montagnes au nord de Canton. 
White Clouds La Montagnedes Nuages blancs 
Zahllose Gráber in den Nordbergen vor Canton. Der Berg der WelBen Wolken 
Sinnúmero de tumbas en las Montañas del Norte cerca de Cantón. Tombe Innumerevoli nelle Montagne settentrionali presso Canto 


El Monte de las Nubes blancas Il Monte delle Nubi bianche 


236 


Graves in the Mountain of the White Clouds 


Tumbas en el Monte de las Nubes blancas 


Kuangchou. Pai yum shan, Prov. 


Graber Im Berg der WelBen W 


o 


Kuangtung 
Tom 


lkem 





beaux dans la Montagne des Nuages blancs 


Tombe nel Monte delle Nubi bianche 


PST 





Kuangchou. Pai yun shan. Neng jen sze. Prov. Kuangtung 


Inner court in the Neng jen Monastery on the Cour intérleure du Couvent de Neng jen sur la 
heights of the Mountain of the White Clouds, hauteur de la Montagne des Nuages blancs 
near Canton près de Canton 
Innenhof im Neng jen Kloster auf der Hôhe des Berges der WeiBen Wolken bel Canton 
Patio interior en el Monasterio de Neng jen, en Cortile interiore nel Convento di Neng jen, sul 

lo alto del Monte de las Nubes blancas Monte delle Nubi bianche presso Canton 


cerca de Cantén 


. 238 


Kuangchou. 
Main hall in the Neng jen Monastery 


Sala principal en el Monasterio de Neng jen 


Pai yUn shan. Neng jen sze. 


Haupthalle im Neng jen Kloster 


Prov. 





Kuangtung 
Salle principale du Couvent de Neng jen 


Sala principale nel Convento di Neng Jen 


239 


Entrance to a nobleman's grave 


Entrada de la tumba de un noble 


Fuchou, Prov. 


Eingang zu einem 


Fukien 


vornehmen Gr 


Entrée du tombeau 


ci 


i 
Q 


Entrata 


in 


per: 





onnage de distinetion 


della tomba d'un nobile 


240 


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SABIO 


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‘NOUONIJ 


USI¡NY ‘Acid 


neeqwoL 


241 


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Grave 


Tumba 


Fuchou 


Prov. 


Grab 


Fukien 


Tombeau 


Tomba 


242 


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SABID 


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'noyany 


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243 


ti 
è 
da 
tà 


Fuchou. Ku shan. Yung tsúan sze. Prov. Fukien 
Prayer Hall in the Monastery of the Rushing 


Salle des prières dans le Couvent de “La Source qui 
Source on Drum Mountain near Fuchou 


coule" sur la Montagne du Tambour, près de Foutcheou 
Gebetshalle Im Kloster der Strömenden Quelle auf dem Trommelberg bel Fuchou 
Sala de oraciones del Monasterlo del Manantlal en 


Sala delle preghlere nel Convento della Sorgente 
el Monte de los Tambores cerca de Fuchou 


sul Monte del Tamburi presso Fuchou. 





244 


Fuchou. 


Ku shan. 





Fukien 
Dans la salle des prières du couvent sur la Montagne du Tambour 


Yung tsúan sze. Prov. 


In the Prayer Hall of the Monastery on Drum Mountain 
In der Gebetshalie des Klosters auf dem Trommelberg 


Nella sala delle preghiere del convento sul Monte del Tamburi 


En la sala de las oraciones del Monasterio en el Monte de los Tambores 


245 


Le: 


in 





Fuchou. Ku shan. Yung tsuan sze. Prov. Fukien 


Imperial double altar in the Monastery of the Double autel impérial dans le Couvent de "La Source qui 
Rushing Source on Drum Mountaln near Fuchou coule" sur la Montagne du Tambour, prés de Foutcheou 
Kalserlicher Doppelaltar im Kloster der Strômenden Quelle auf dem Trommelberg bei Fuchou 

Altar doble de los Emperadores en el Monasterio Altare doppio imperiale nel Convento sul 


del Monte de los Tambores cerca de Fuchou Monte dei Tamburi presso Fuchou 


246 


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Fuchou. Ku shan. Yung tsùan sze. Prov. Fukien 
Reposing marble Buddha in the library of the Bouddha au repos, en marbre, dans la bibliothèque 
Monastery on Drum Mountaln du Couvent sur-la Montagne du Tambour 
Ruhender Buddha aus Marmor In der Bibliothek des Klosters auf dem Trommelberg 
Budha acostado, de marmol, en la biblioteca del il Buddha riposando, di marmo, nella biblioteca 
Monasterio en el Monte de los Tambores del Convento sul Monte dei Tamburi 


247 





Fuchou. Ku shan. Yung tsùan sze. Prov. Fukien 


State altar in the Rushing Source Monastery Autel somptueux dans le Couvent de “La Source qui 
on Drum Mountain near Fuchou coule" sur la Montagne du Tambour, près de Foutcheou 
Prunkaltar im Kloster der Strémenden Quelle auf dem Trommelberg bei Fuchou 
Atar ostentoso en el Monasterio del Manantia! en el Altare sontuoso mel Convento della Sorgente sul 
Monte de los Tambores cerca de Fuchou Monte dei Tamburi presso Fuchou 


248 


FIN RL IE TED 


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Fuchou. Ku shan. Yung tsúan sze, Prov. Fukien 
Pagoda of Relics in the library of the Pagode des reliques dans la bibliothèque 
Monastery on Drum Mountain 


du couvent sur la Montagne du Tambour 
Reliquienpagode in der Bibliothek des Klosters auf dem Trommelberg 
Pagoda de las reliquias en la Biblioteca del 


Pagoda delle reliquie nella Biblioteca del Convento 
Monasterio del Monte de los Tambores sul Monte dei Tamburi 


249 


The Harbour. Drum Mountain on left 


El Puerto. Ala Izquierda: el Monte de los Tambores 


Fuchou. Prov Fukien 


Der Hafen. 


Zur Linken der Trommelberg 





Le Port. A gauche, la Montagne du Tambour 


Il Porto. A sinistra, il Monte del Tamburi 


250 


HIE REE a PT 


Santao town and harbour 


Ciudad y puerto de Santao 


Santuao Prov. Fukien 


Stadt und Hafen von Santao 


7: 





Ville et port de Santao 


Città e porto di Santao 


E" y 





Prov. Kiangsu 


Shanghai. 


Maison d'un orfèvre pour |’ argenterie 


ilversmith's house 


=, 


Haus eines Silberschmieds 


Casa d'un argentiere 


asa de un platero 


n 
— 


52 


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Pagode de la Beauté du Dragon 


Prov. Kiangsu 


Lung hua ta. 


Shanghai. 


Pagoda of the Beauty of Dragon 


Pagode der Drachenschénheit 


Pagoda della Bellezza del Dragone 


Pagoda de la Hermosura del Dragén 


253 





Tâiyüanfu. Ta pei sze. Prov. Shansi 


Kouanyin à 1000 bras dans le Couvent 
de la Grande Pitié 


Thousand-armed Kuanyin in the 
Monastery of Great Pity 
1000 armige Kuanyin im Kloster des Großen Erbarmens 


La Kuanyin de los mil brazos en el La Kuanyin dalle mille braccia nel Convento 
Monasterio de la Gran Misericordia della Grande Misericordia 


254 





Suchou. Kieh tüng sze. Prov. Kiangsu 


Thousand-armed Kuanyin of the Four Cardinal Kouanyin à 1000 bras des Quatre-Points- Cardinaux, 
Points in Kieh tung Monastery dans le Couvent de Kieh tóung 
1000 armige Kuanyin der 4 Weltgegenden im Kieh túng Kloster 
La Kuanyin de los Cuatro Puntos Cardinales, con La Kuanyin dei Quattro Punti Cardinali, dalle 
sus mil brazos, en el Monasterio de Kieh tüng mille braccia, nel Convento di Kieh tüng 


255 


Hangchoufu. 


West Lake near Hangchou, the provincial capital 





Sihu. Prov. Chekiang 


Le lac occidental près de Hangtcheou, capitale de la province 


Der Westsee bei Hangchou, der Hauptstadt der Provinz 


El Lago de Occidente cerca de Hangchou, capital de la provincia 


Il Lago di Ponente presso Hangchou, capitale della provincia 


256 


On the Shores of the West Lake 


En la orllla del Lago de Occidente 


Hangchoufu. Sihu. Prov. Chekiang 


Am Ufer des Westsees 








Sur le bord du lac occidental 


Sulla riva del Lago di Ponente 


257 





Hangchoufu. Sihu. 


"Refuge of Souls" valley near West Lake, Hangchou 


te 
> ei 
PE 


Ling ying sze. Prov. Chekiang 


Vallée du "Refuge des Ames" sur le lac occidental près de Hangtcheou 


Tal ,Zuflucht der Seelen" am Westsee bel Hangchou 


El valle del “Refugio de las Almas" cerca del Lago de Occidente 


ll valle del "Ricovero delle Anime" presso il Lago di Ponente 


258 


Chan am NADO 


Grave of Yo Fei and his wife 


Tumba de Yo Fel y de su mujer 


Hangchoufu. Sihu. Prov. Chekiang 


Grab des Yo Fel und seiner Frau 





Tombeau de Yo Fel et de sa femme 


Tomba di Yo Fei e della sua moglie 


259 


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Hangchoufu. Sihu. Yun lin sze. Prov Chekiang 


Pagoda in the Cloud Grove Monastery on West Pagode dans le Couvent du Bois des Nuages, sur 
Lake near Hangchou le lac occidental pres de Hangtcheou 
Pagode im Kloster des Wolken-Haines am Westsee bel Hangchou 
Pagoda en el Monasterio del Bosque de las Nubes Pagoda del Convento del Bosco delle Nubi sul Lago 
cerca del Lago de Occidente de Hangchou di Ponente presso Hangchou 


260 





Hangchoufu. Sihu. Sheng yin sze. Prov. Chekiang 


Marble pagoda in the Sheng yin Monastery Pagode de marbre dans le couvent de Cheng yin 
Marmorpagode im Sheng yin Kloster 
Pagoda de marmol en el Monasterlo de Sheng yin Pagoda di marmo nel Convento di Sheng yin 


261 


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deco ir sem 





Hangchoufu. Sihu. Hing kung. Prov. Chekiang 


Imperial library on West Lake near Hangchou Bibliothèque impériale, sur le bord du lac occidental, 
près de Hangtcheou 


Kalserliche Bibliothek am Westsee bei Hangchou 


Biblioteca Imperial a orilla del Lago de Occidente Biblioteca Imperlale sul Lago di Ponente 
cerca de Hangchou presso Hangchou 


262 





Tzeliutsing. Shansi hui kuan. Prov. Szechüan 
Part of hall in the Shansl Club Partie d'une salle du Club de Chansi 
Teil einer Halle Im Shansi-Klub 
Parte de una Sala en el Círculo de Shansi Parte d'una Sala nel Casino di Shansi 


263 





Ningpo-Tfen tüng sze. 
On the journey to the Monastery of the Celestial Boy near Ningpo 


En el viaje al Monasterio del Nifio Celeste cerca de Ningpo 


Prov. Chekiang 
En route pour le Couvent de l'Enfant du Ciel, près de Ningpo 
Auf der Reise zum Kloster des Himmelsknaben bel Ningpo 


DI viaggio al Convento del Bambino Celaste presso Ningpo 


264 


Grave In a field 


Tumba en el campo 


Ningpo-Tfen tüng sze. Prov. Chekiang 


Grab auf dem Felde 





Tombeau dans la campagne 


Tomba nella campagna 


265 





Tfen tüng sze. Prov. Chekiang 


Main hall in the Monastery of the Celestial Boy near Ningpo 


Salle principale du Couvent de l'Enfant du Ciel, près de Ningpo 


Haupthalle Im Kloster des Himmelsknaben bel Ningpo 


Sala principal en el Monasterlo del Niño Celeste cerca de Ningpo 


Sala principale nel Convento del Bambino Celeste presso Ningpo 


266 





Altar In the main hall of the monastery 


Altar en la Sala principal del monasterio 


Tfen ting sze. Prov. Chekiang 


Altar In der Haupthalle des Klosters 


Autel dans la salle principale du couvent 


Altare nella Sala principale del Convento 


267 


Processlon of monks going to prayers 


Ida de los monjes á la oración 





Tíen túng sze. Prov. Chekiang 


Zug der Mönche zum 'Gebet 


= ES, XL > 


Cortège des moines se rendant à la prière 


Andata dei monaci all'orazione 


268 


Y pr » Y / 


ca CIA As se 


Tfen tüng sze. Prov. Chekiang 
The abbot of the monastery L'abbé du couvent 
Der Abt des Klosters 
El abad del monasterlo l'abbate del convento 





On the south wall of the town 


Muralla Sur de la cludad 





Ningpo. Prov. Chekiang 


An der Südmauer der Stadt 














Près du mur méridional de la ville 


Muro meridionale della Città 


270 





Temple entrances 


Entradas de los templos 


Ningpo. Prov. Chekiang 


Tempelelngánge 


Entrées de temples 


Entrate di tempi 


271 





Ningpo. Fukien hui kuan. Prov. Chekiang 
Stage in the Fukien Club Scène du théâtre du Club Fouklen 
Theaterbùhne im Fuklen-Klub 
Escenario en el Círculo de Fuklen Palco scenico nel Casino di Fuklen 


272 





Ningpo. Fukien hui kuan. Prov. Chekiang 
Forecourt in the Fukien Club Avant-cour du Club de Foukien 
Vorhof im Fuklen-Klub 
Atrio en el Círculo de Fukien Anticorte del Casino di Fuklen 


273 





Ningpo Prov. Chekiang 
Store-house Palais marchand 


Kaufhaus 
Casa de comercio Casa commerciale 


274 





Ningpo. Prov. Chekiang 


Palais marchand 


Store-house 


Kaufhaus 


Casa commerciale 


Casa de comercio 


275 


ami 
ARTE, 


aj 


À 
4 


Y 
A 
A 





Ningpo Fukien hui kuan. Prov. Chekiang 
Altar of the Celestial Queen in the Fukien Club 


Autel de la Déesse du Ciel dans le Club Fouklen 
Altar der Himmelskónigin im Fukien-Klub 
Altar de la Reina del Cielo en el Círculo de Fukien 


Altare della Regina del Cielo nel Casino di Fukien 


276 





Pú té shan. Fa yù sze. Prov. Chekiang 


Monastery of the Rain of Law on Pu tó Couvent de la Pluie de la Loi dans l'île de Póu tó 


Island. Altar of the Pearl Goddes Autel de la déesse formée dune perle 
Kloster des Gesetzesregens auf der Insel Pù tó. Altar der Perlengóttin 
Monasterio de la Lluvia Dogmática en la isla de Convento della Pioggia Dommatica sull' isola di 


Pú té. Altar de la Diosa formada una perla Pu to. Altare della Dea formata d'una perla 


2711 





Bore at the mouth of the Tsfen táng River 


Oleaje en la desembocadura del río Tsien tang 


Hainingcho. Prov. Chekiang 
vi Mascaret à l'embouchure de la riviére du Tsfen táng 


Flutwelle in der Mündung des Tsfen táng-Flusses 
Ondata nello sbocco del Fiume Tsfen tang 


278 





Pu té shan. Prov. Chekiang 


Pu té, the sacred Buddhist Island of Péu té, l'île sainte bouddhique dédiée 
Kuanyin, the Goddess of Mercy à Kouanyin, déesse de la Misericorde 
Pú tó, die buddhistische Heilige Insel der Kuanyin, der Géttin der Barmherzigkeit 
Pú tó, la santa isla budhista de la | Pd té, la santa Isola buddhistica della 
Kuanyin, diosa de la misericordia Kuanyin, dea della misericordia : 


279 


Se ee PA 


# LE i, 





PU tó shan. Tai tze tà. Prov. Chekiang 


Pagoda of Prince Buddha in the Pagode du Prince Bouddha, au sud- 
south-east of the Sacred Isle est de l'Île sainte 
Pagode des Prinzen Buddha im Südosten der Heiligen Insel 
Pagoda. del principe Budha en el Pagoda del principe Buddha nel 
Sureste de la isla santa Sudeste dell' isola santa 


280 





Pu tó shan. Fa yu sze. Prov. Chekiang 


Monks' common grave belonging to the Tombeau commun des moines du Couven! 
Monastery of the Rain of Law de la Pluie de la Loi 
Gemeinsames Grab der Mönche vom Kloster des Gesetzesregens 
Sepulero común de los monjes del Monasterio Sepolcro commune dei monaci del Convento 
de la Lluvia Dogmática della Pioggia Dommatica 





Pú tó shan. Fa yú sze. Prov. Chekiang 


Bridge to Monastery.of the Rain of Pont conduisant au Couvent de la Pluie 
Law on the Sacred Island of Pu tó de la Lol, dans l'île sainte de Póu tó 
Brücke zum Kloster des Gesetzesregens auf der Heiligen Insel Pù tó 
Puente al Monasterio de la Lluvia Dogmática Ponte al Convento della Pioggia Dommatica 


en la santa isla de PÚ tó sull' isola santa di Pu tó 


282 


Main court of the monastery 


Patio principal del Monasterio 


PU té shan. 


Fa yÙ sze. Prov. 


Haupthof des Klosters 


Chekiang 





Cour principale du couvent 


Cortile principale del Convento 


283 





Pu té shan. Fa yu sze. Prov. Chekiang 
Filial piety: he brings rice to his parents Amour filial; l'enfant apporte du riz à ses parents 
Kindliche Liebe: Er bringt Reis für die Eltern 
Amor filial: El nifio trae arroz para los padres Amore filiale: Il bambino porta riso ai genitori 


284 





Pu tó shan. Fa yu sze. Prov. Chekiang 


Filial Plety: his prayers drive the Thunder Amour filial: les prières de l'enfant chassent du 
God from his mother's grave tombeau de sa mère le Dieu du Tonnerre 
Kindliche Liebe: Sein Flehen verscheucht den Donnergott vom Grabe der Mutter 
Amor filial: Las súplicas ahuyentan al Amore filiale: Le implorazioni scacciano 


Dios Tonante de la tumba materna il Dio tonatore dalla tomba materna 


285 





Pu tó shan, Fa yü sze. Prov. Chekiang 


The Goddess Kuanyin in a white robe La déesse Kouanyin en robe blanche 
with green bamboo brodée de bambou vert 
Die Göttin Kuanyin in weißem Gewande mit grünem Bambus 
La diosa Kuanyin en su vestido blanco brodado de La dea Kuanyin nel vestito bordato di bambü verde 


bambú verde 


286 


1 
| 
? 
4. 
4 


Pú tó shan. Fa yü sze. Prov. Chekiang 

Marble goddess Kuanyin in glass altar La déesse Kouanyin, en marbre, dans un autel de verre 
Marmorbild der Kuanyin im Glasaltar 

La dea Kuanyin, di marmo, nell' altare vitreo 


La diosa Kuanyin, de mármol, en el altar de vidrio 








Pú tó shan. Prov. Chekiang 


Priest's grave on summit of Sacred Mount Tombeau de prétre au sommet de la Montagne sacrée 
Priestergrab am Gipfel des Heiligen Berges 
Tumba de sacerdote en ia cumbre del Monte Sacro Tomba di sacerdote sulla cima del Monte Santo 


288 





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PRINTED IN GERMANY BY ERNST WAS! 








GETTY CENTER LIBRARY 
NH 32 B672 P61 1923 


6. 1 Boerschmann, Ernst, 
Picturesque China; architecture and la 


DI 


3 3125 00357 6218 





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